| Question |
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| Answer |
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| SI Prefixes |
M^6,k^3,u^-6,p^-12 |
| Work |
force through distance |
| Force |
change of speed or direction |
| Energy |
ability to do work |
| Kinetic energy |
energy of motion |
| Potential energy |
energy of position |
| Thermal energy |
heat energy |
| Chemical energy |
new substances are produced |
| Atomic # |
(z) protons |
| Atomic Mass # |
(A) protons and neutrons |
| Atomic Mass |
AMU |
| Atomic Weight |
% abundance |
| Periods |
rows |
| Groups |
columns |
| Valence Shell |
ground state atom |
| Valence Electrons |
electrons in a valence shell |
| Nucleon |
neutrons and protons |
| Nuclide |
constitution of the nucleus |
| Isotope |
same # protons, different # of neutrons |
| Mass & energy |
are interchangeable |
| Pair annihilation |
2 particles collide make energy |
| Mass defect |
sum of masses of p+n+e minus mass of the atom |
| Binding Energy |
binds the nucleus |
| BE per nucleon |
BE / # nucleons |
| Fission |
splitting |
| Critical E for fission |
to the point of separation |
| Criticality |
new = old |
| Fusion |
joins |
| Terrestrial radiation |
28 mrem |
| Cosmic radiation |
27 mrem |
| Internal emitters |
39 mrem |
| Inhaled |
200 mrem |
| Nuclear fallout |
<1 mrem |
| Medical exposure |
53 mrem |
| Consumer products |
10 mrem |
| Nuclear facilities |
<1 mrem |
| Nuclear stability |
arrangement of n & p |
| Nuclear force |
independent of charge |
| Increase in Z# |
p/n ratio increase |
| Radioactivity |
spontaneously emit radiation |
| Radioactive decay |
spontaneously disintegrates |
| Alpha |
2 p, 2 n |
| Beta |
-1 charge, 5.49E-4 AMU |
| Gamma |
excited nuclei, use lead |
| Alpha Decay |
Z-2 |
| Beta Decay |
Z+1 |
| Positron Decay |
Z-1, +beta |
| 2 aspects of decay |
Modes, Rate |
| Fission products |
too big a n/p ratio |
| Radioactive series |
Uranium, Thorium, Actinium, Neptunium |
| Curie |
dps of radium |
| Becquerel |
1 dps-60dpm |
| Roentgen |
exposure |
| Rad |
absorbed dose 100ergs/g |
| Gray |
1J/kg - 100 Rad |
| H=DQ |
H=rem or sievert, D=Rad or gray,Q=quality factor |
| Dose equivalent |
absorbed dose * quality factor |
| Quality factors |
Rays=1, slow=3, fast=10, alpha=20 |
| Ionization |
removal of an electron of a neutral atom |
| Excitation |
moves to a higher energy state |
| Bremsstrahlung |
energy loss as it reacts with matter |
| Specific ionization |
ion pairs/path length |
| Stopping power |
removes energy |
| Alpha transfer |
ionization, excitation |
| Beta transfer |
Ionization, excitation, Bremsstrahlung |
| Gamma interaction |
Photoelectric effect, compton pair production |
| Photoelectric effect |
all or nothing energy loss |
| Compton scattering |
only part of the energy is transferred |
| Pair production |
disappears |
| 4 catagories of neutrons |
thermal (~.025eV), intermediate (0.5eV), fast (100KeV), relativistic (>20MeV) |
| 3 results of neurton capture |
gamma, charged particles, fission |
| Elastic scattering |
strikes and transfers SOME of its energy |
| Inelastic scattering |
strikes, transfers most of the energy |
| Cell Membrane |
regulates concentrations, 3-5k rads to rupture |
| Cytoplasm |
jelly stuff, negligible |
| Mitochondria |
supplies energy, few k rad to disrupt |
| Lysosomes |
digestive enzymes, 500-1k rads to rupture |
| Nucleus |
directs cell activity, most sensitive |
| Chromosomes |
supercoils of DNA |
| Bergonie and Tribondeau law |
radiosensitivity is directly proportional to its reproductive capability |
| Water |
free radical and ion |
| secondary |
hydrogen peroxide |
| Stochastic |
no threshold, cancer |
| Non-stochastic |
threshold, cataracts, infertility |
| LD 50/30 |
50% of exposed die within 30days |
| Chronic radiation |
low dose, long time, cancer |
| Hematopoietic system |
200-1000 rad |
| GI tract |
1-5k rad, weight loss |
| Central NS |
>5k rad, death |
| 4 stages of rad poisoning |
prodromal, latent illness, recovery or death |
| Fetal doses |
25 rad=development changes, 400-600 rad=death of fetus |
| Somatic |
not passed on |
| Heritable |
passed on |
| Purpose of the DOE rad manual |
don't get dose unless its beneficial |
| Shall |
Mandatort |
| Should |
follow or find alternate |
| Pre-job ALARA |
risk analysis |
| Pre-job brief |
procedures, qualifications, emergencies |
| Post-job ALARA |
unusual exposure events investigated |
| Post-job briefing |
critique work performance |
| Minimizing personal exposure |
time, distance shielding, amount |
| 6CEN |
C=Source activity, E=(gamma1 X %)+(gamma 2 X%), N=# fo gamma/disintegrations |
| Source reduction |
decay, decon, reduce, discharge, move |
| Line source equation |
I1*d^2=I2*d^2 |
| Point source equation |
I1*d1=I2*d2 |
| HLV |
I (shielded)=I(unshielded X (1/2)^n |
| ALI |
single radionuclide |
| DAC |
divide ALI by the volume |
| Biological 1/2 life |
independent of the physical 1/2 life |
| Blocking agent |
saturates with a stable element |
| Diluting agent |
reduces the bodies incorporation of radioactive atoms |
| Mobilizing agent |
increases the natural turnover process |
| Chelating agent |
insoluble to soluble |
| Current |
amp, electrons past a point in a circuit |
| Voltage |
volts, potential difference |
| Resistance |
ohms, opposes flow |
| Ionization detectors |
ion pairs, (GM tubes) |
| Excitation detectors |
excites the atom (TLDs) |
| Chemical detectors |
causes a chemical change (film badges) |
| Gas amplication curve |
RIPLGC |
| Ion chamber detectors |
before they can recombine |
| Proportional detectors |
single very large pulse |
| Resolving time |
initial pulse to next pulse measured |
| Dead time |
initial pulse to next pulse produced |
| Recovery time |
full size pulse to next full sized pulse |
| Gas filled detector discrimination |
shielding, gas specific, pulse height |
| Scintillation detector |
excitation, emits light when excited |
| Photomultiplier |
detect scintillation |
| Photocathode |
converts lightphotons to electrons |
| Dynode assembly |
amplify the signal |
| Anode |
collect the electron and generate a pulse |
| Voltage didvider network |
splits the high voltage into potentials |
| Shell |
seals the tube |
| Boron activation |
slow neutron detection, strike Boron-10, alpha emitted |
| Fission chambers |
slow neutron detection, U-235 |
| Activation Foils |
slow neutron detection, absorb neutrons of a specific energy |
| Proton recoil |
fast neutron detection, elastic scattering with Hydrogen atoms |
| Semiconductor |
electrons moves from the valance to conduction leaving holes (electron-hole pairs) |
| GeLi system |
High resolution, short responce time, gamma only, keep cool |
| HPGe system |
portable, room temperature, expensive |
| Dose equivalent in rem |
rads*Q |
| Minimize ingestion by |
not smoking |
| Fission products contain too many |
neutrons |
| Which neutron has the least amount of K.E.? |
thermal |
| The effective 1/2 life is <,>,= to the radioactive 1/2 life? |
< |
| EES |
English system |
| Q relates____to ____? |
absorbed dose to dose equivalent |
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