Neurology/Psychiatry Review
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| Cranial nerve I | Olfactory nerve (smell)
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| Cranial nerve II | Optic nerve (vision)
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| Cranial nerve III | Oculomotor nerve (movement of eyeball, eyelids, and iris - to change the pupil size)
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| Cranial nerve IV | Trochlear nerve (movement of eyeball)
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| Cranial nerve V | Trigeminal nerve (sensation in eyelids, scalp, face, lips, and tongue. Movement of the muscles for chewing. 3 nerves: ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular nerves.
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| Cranial nerve VI | Abducens muscle (movement of the eye)
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| Cranial nerve VII | Facial nerve (taste from tongue, control of the salivary and lacrimal glands. Movement of facial muscles.)
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| Cranial nerve VIII | Vestibulocochlear nerve (hearing and balance - auditory nerve)
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| Cranial nerve IX | Glossopharyngeal nerve (taste - back of tongue. Movement of muscles for swallowing. Controls parotid salivary glands.)
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| Cranial nerve X | Vagus nerve (taste - soft palate and throat. Sensation - ears, diaphragm, and organs of chest and abdomen. Controls heart beat and smooth muscles - bronchi/GI tract. "Wanderer nerve"
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| Cranial nerve XI | Accessory nerve (movement of muscles for swallowing, the vocal cords, and muscles of the neck and upper back. Two of its branches help the vagus nerve.
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| Cranial nerve XII | Hypoglossal nerve (Movement of the tongue)
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| Autonomic nervous system | Heart muscle, smooth muscle, glands
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| Somatic nervous system | Voluntary skeletal muscles
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| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that relay messages from one neuron to another.
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| Norepinephrine | Controls involuntary processes (Ex: Heart and respiratory rate) when the body is active or exercising.
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| Increased levels of norepinephrine cause: | aggression, mania, and infatuation (foolish desire to want something).
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| Decreased levels of norepinephrine cause: | depression
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| Epinephrine | "Fight or flight" response, occurs during stress, anxiety, fear, or anger.
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| Increased levels of epinephrine cause: | anxiety, social phobia, performance phobia, and panic attacks
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| Dopamine | Cocaine, narcotic drugs & alcohol increase the amount of dopamine, and it causes euphoria and excitement "HIGH."
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| Increased levels of dopamine cause: | Infatuation
Note: An increased level in the limbic lobe and a decreased level in the frontal lobe causes paranoia.
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| Decreased levels of dopamine cause: | schizophrenia and depression
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| Serotonin | neurotransmitter of brain and spinal cord
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| Decreased levels of serotonin cause: | depression
Note: A decreased level of serotonin and an increased level of norepinephrine causes violent behavior
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| GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) | inhibitory neurotransmitter
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| Decreased levels of GABA cause: | anxiety
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| Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure | Unconsciousness with excessive motor activity. Alternates between excessive muscle tone with rigidity (tonic) and jerking muscle contractions (clonic)in extremities with tongue biting. Usually lasts 1 to 2 minutes.
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| Absence (petit mal) seizure | Impaired consciousness with slight or no muscle activity. Includes vacant staring, repetitive blinking, or facial tics. Lasts 5 to 15 seconds. The patient is unaware of the seizure and can have several per day.
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| Complex partial (psychomotor) seizure | There is some degree of impairment of consciousness. Involuntary muscle contractions. There can be automatisms (lip smacking). Lasts 1 to 2 minutes.
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| Simple partial (focal motor) seizure | No impairment of consciousness. The patient is aware of seizure and has involuntary motor movements of hand or turning of head. There may be some sensory hallucinations. Usually lasts 1 to 2 minutes.
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| Limbic lobe (brain) | Located along the medial edges of right and left cerebral hemispheres, superior to the corpus callosum (bridge that connects right and left cerebral cortexes.)
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| Limbic system | Limbic lobe, thalamus,and hypothalamus. It links the unconscious mind to the conscious mind.
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| Thalamus Location | Located in the center of the cerebrum and forms the walls of the 3rd ventricle.
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| Thalamus Functions | Relay station - receives sensory information from the 5 senses and relays it to the midbrain.
Relays sensory information to the cerebrum where it is analyzed and compared with memories.
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| Hypothalamus Location | Located below the thalamus, forms the floor and part of walls of 3rd ventricle.
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| Hypothalamus Functions | Controls emotions of pleasure, excitement, fear, anger, sexual arousal, and bodily responses to these emotions. Also contains the feeding center.
Triggers the "fight or flight" response to danger. (epinephrine)
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| Hippocampus | elongated, curving structure with two heads, one is located in the temporal lobe. The two tails join as the fornix in the center of the brain. Stores long-term memories and helps compare present and past emotions and experiences.
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| Amygdaloid bodies | almond-shaped area in each temporal lobe.
Interpret facial expressions, new social situations, and identify situations that could be dangerous.
Integrate sensory info., thoughts, and long-term memories.
Most active during emotions, fear, anger,
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| Fornix | located along the floor of each lateral ventricle. Connects hippocampus in each temporal lobe to the thalamus and to amygdaloid bodies.
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| Frontal lobe | Predicts future events/consequences. Exerts conscious control over skeletal muscles. Gustatory cortex (taste). Speech center (muscles for speech).
Located at the front of the head (forehead).
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| Occipital lobe | Receives and analyzes sensory information from the eyes. Contains visual cortex for sense of sight. Vision. Located at back of the head above the cervical spine.
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| Parietal lobe | Receives and analyzes sensory information about temperature, touch, pressure, vibration, and pain from skin/organs. Located at back of the head above occipital lobe on both sides of head. Somatosensory area (functions of body sensations).
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| Temporal lobe | Auditory cortex - hearing, olfactory cortex - smell. Located on both sides of the head near the ears at temples.
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| acrophobia | fear of heights
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| agoraphobia | fear of crowds or public places
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| arachnophobia | fear of spiders
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| claustrophobia | fear of closed in spaces
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| microphobia | fear of germs
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| ophidiophobia | fear of snakes
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| social phobia | fear of being embarrassed or humiliated in front of others
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| thanatophobia | fear of death
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| xenophobia | fear of strangers
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| triskaidekaphobia | fear of the number 13.
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