Anatomy Vocab Ch 11 Marieb
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| cardiovascular system | transportation; blood transports oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones, many other substances
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| mediastinum | the middle cavity of the thorax
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| heart | size of a person't fist, hollow, cone-shaped weighing less than a pound
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| apex of the heart | lower left point directed toward the left hip, rests on diaphragm, 5th rib area
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| base of the heart | posterosuperior, where great vessels of the body emerge, points toward right shoulder and lies under second rib
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| pericardium | double walled sac containing the heart
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| fibrous pericardium | loose fitting superficial part of the pericardium; fibrous layer, anchors it to surrounding structures
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| serous pericardium | under the fibrous pericardium, has 2 layers, visceral and parietal
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| serous pericardium (parietal layer) | lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium; attaches to large arteries leaving the heart and continues over the heart
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| epicardium (visceral layer) | part of the heart wall; lubricated by serous fluid, produced by serous pericardial membrane
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| serous pericardial membrane | creates the fluid allowing the heart to beat easily, creating smooth layer
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| pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium; causes layers to stick to each other, forming adheseions that interefere with heart movement
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| 3 layers of the heart wall | epicardium (outer), myocardium (middle), endocardium (inner)
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| myocardium | contains thick bundles of cardiac muscle, ringlike arrangements; reinforced by "skeleton of the heart"
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| endocardium | thin, glistening sheet of endothelium lining the heart chambers; continuous with linings of blood vessels leaving and entering the heart
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| 4 hollow chambers of the heart | 2 atria, 2 ventricles
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| atria | receiving chambers of the heart; depleted blood enters these for recycling
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| ventricles | discharging chambers of the heart (pumps)
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| right ventricle | most of the heart's anterior surface
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| left ventricle | forms the apex of the heart; thickest most muscular side of the heart
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| septum | divides the heart longitudinally, AKA interventricular septum or interatrial septum, depending on which chamber it separates
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| superior or inferior venae cavae | receive oxygen poor blood from the veins
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| pulmonary trunk | blood travels thru this from the venae cavae to become the pulmonary ateries
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| pulmonary arteries | carry blood to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded
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| pulmonary veins | oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and returns to the left side of the heart
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| pulmonary circulation | the process of blood leaving and returning to the heart
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| aorta | blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into this; supplies all body tissues; largest artery of the body, the size of a garden hose
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| systemic circulation | second circuit of blood transfer, from the left side of the heart and back to the right; supplies oxygen and nutrient rich blood to body organs
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| valves of the heart | 4 - atrioventricular (AV), bicuspid (mitral), tricuspid, chordae tendineae
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| atrioventricular | prevent backflow into atria when ventricles contract; open during heart relaxation, closed when ventricles are contracting
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| bicuspid valve | has two flaps or cusps of endocardium
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| trisucpid valve | has three flaps or cusps of endocardium
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| chordae tendineae | tendinous chords anchoring flaps to the walls of ventricles in a closed position
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| semilunar valves | closed during heart relaxation and open when ventricles contract; respond to pressure in the heart
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| incompetent valve | forces heart to pump and repump the same blood, valve does not close properly and blood backflows
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| valvular stenosis | valve flaps become stiff, forcing heart to contract more vigorously
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| endocarditis | baterical infection of the endocardium
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| blood supply to the heart | right and left coronary arteries, encircle the heart
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| coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) | where the coronary arteries encircle the heart
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| coronary arteries and major branches | anterior interventricular and circumflex arteries on the left; posterior interventricual and marginal arteries on the right
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| cardiac veins | drain the myocardium of blood, emptying into coronary sinus
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| coronary sinus | the posterior of the heart, where the cardiac veins drain to
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| angina pectoris | crushing chest pain caused by deprivation of oxygen in the myocardium
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| infarction | ongoing depletion of oxygen in the myocardium
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| myocardial infarction | heart attack or coronary
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| intrinsic conduction system (nodal system) | built into heart tissue and sets basic rhythm of the heart; found nowhere else in the body
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| sinoatrial node (SA) | crescent-shaped node; most important in the conduction system of the heart; the pacemaker
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| atrioventricular node (AV) | conduction system of the heart
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| atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) | conduction system of the heart
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| bundle branches | right and left, in the interventricular septum; conduction system of the heart
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| Purkinje fibers | spread within the muscles of the ventricle walls, conduct the nerve impulses of the heart
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| electrocardiography | procedure for mapping the electrical activity of the heart
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| heart block | the inability of the heart to receive correct impulses or depolarization waves through the AV node; parts of the heart beat out of unison
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| ischemia | lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle
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| fibrillation | rapid uncoordinated shuddering of the heart
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| tachycardia | abnormal rapid heart rate
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| bradycardia | slower than normal heart rate
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| systole | contraction of the ventricles; written first
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| diastole | relaxation of the ventricles; written second
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| cardiac cycle | events of one complete heartbeat; mid to late diastole, ventricular systole, early diastole
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| P wave | first wave of the ECG, small, signals the depolarization of the artria before contraction
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| QRS complex | large wave (spike), resulting from depolarization of the ventricles, has complicated shape; precedes the contraction of the ventricle
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| T wave | results from currents flowing during reploarization of the ventricles (looks like relaxation on the ECG)
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| electrocardiogram (ECG) | healthy and typical, has 3 recognizable waves; P, QRS and T
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| heart sounds | first is caused by closing of the AV valves, second is when semilunar valves close at the end of systole
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| murmur | abnormal or unusual heart sounds
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| cardiac output (CO) | amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in 1 minute; the product of heart rate and stroke volume
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| heart rate (HR) | how many beats per minute
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| stroke volume (SV) | the amount of ventricular contraction measurement; about 2 ounces per heartbeat
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| neural controls (ANS) | determined by the autonomic nervous system, feeling panic or fright
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| parasympathtic nerves | relax the heart, give it time to rest during noncrisis times
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| increasing heart rate | epinephrine and thyroxine
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| congestive heart failure (CHF) | progressive condition reflecting weakening of the heart
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| pulmonary congestion | failure of the left heart causes backup in the right side of the heart, lungs become swollen with blood causing pulmonary edema
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| vascular system | the blood vessels
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| arteries | blood vessels leaving the heart
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| arterioles | small arteries that feed the capillary beds
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| capillary beds | area of the tissue that contains blood heavy capillaries; exchange area between blood and tissue cells; consists of true capillaries and vascular shunt
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| venules | blood from capillary beds are drained into these for transport thru veins back to the vena cavae and into the heart
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| tunica intima | the coat that lines the lumen or interior of vessles; thin layer of endothelium resting on basement membrane
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| tunica media | bulky middle coat; smooth muscle and elastic fibers or elastic laminae
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| tunica externa | outermost, composed of fibrous connective tissue, supports and protects the vessels
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| arteries | walls are much thicker than of veins; closer to heart, must be able to expand as blood is forced into them to travel to the rest of the body
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| veins | far from the heart, thinner walls; have valves that prevent backflow of blood; blood travels back to the heart
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| valves | prevent backflow of fluid, close when pressure is released
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| microcirculation | the flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule
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| vascular shunt | vessel that directly connects the arteriole and venule at opposite ends of capillary bed
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| true capillaries | branch off proximal end of vascular shunt and empty into postcapillary venule
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| precapillary sphincter | surround the root of each true capillary, acts as valve to regulate the flow of blood into the capillary
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| varicose veins | pooling of blood in the feet and legs produce inefficient venous return resulting in high pressure on the veins
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| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein from a clot forming in vessel with poor circulation
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| pulmonary embolism | clot detachment, result of thrombophlebitis
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| coronary artery disease | filling of fatty calcified deposits in the arteries
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| intercellular clefts | gaps or areas of plasma membrane not joined by tight junctions
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| fenestrated capillaries | found where absorption is a priority; intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys
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| fenestra | oval pore or opening, covered by a delicate membrane, more permeable that other parts of plasma membrane
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| interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) | fluid that fills cell space
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| hypertension (primary or essential) | strains the heart and damages arteries, the silent killer; myocardium enlarges with strain
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| hypertension (high blood pressure) | pathological, a condition of sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher
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| circulatory shock | the blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally; due to blood loss
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| orthostatic hypotension | temporary low blood pressure and dizziness when rising
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| hypotension | blood pressure below 100; low blood pressure
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| kidneys and blood pressure | alters blood volume, allow amount of water leaving the body in the urine; release renin into the bood when pressure is low
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| angiotensin II | vasoconstrictor chemical released by the kidneys to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone causing reabsorption of sodium, adjusting blood pressure
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| pressoreceptors (baroreceptors) | send warning signals that result in reflexive vasoconstriction, increasing or decreasing blood pressure
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| peripheral resistance | amount of friction the blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels
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| BP | blood pressure
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| CO | cardiac output
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| blood pressure gradient | from high to low and low to high as blood travels throughout the body; highest in larger ateries, low or negative at the venae cavae
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| pressure (pulse) points | dorsalis pedis artery; posterior tibial artery; popliteal artery; femoral artery; radial artery; brachial artery; carotid artery; facial artery; temporal artery
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| pulse | expansion and recoil of an artery with the beat of the left ventricle
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| hepatic portal circulation | inferior/superior mesenteric vein; splenic vein; L gastric vein; hepatic portal vein
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| fetal circulation (umbilical cord) | umbilical vein and umbilical arteries
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| fetal circulation | ductus venosus; formen ovale; ductus arteriosus; ligamentum arteriosum
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| brain circulation | internal carotid arteries; anterior and middle cerebral arteries; vertebral arteries; basilar artery; posterior cerebral arteries; cerebral arterial circle; circle of Willis
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| veins draining into inferior vena cava | anterior and posterior tibial veins; fibular vein; popliteal vein; femoral vein; great saphenous veins; dorsal venous arch; common iliac vein; both gonadal veins; renal vein; hepatic portal vein; hepatic veins
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| veins draining into superior vena cava | radial ulnar veins; brachial vein; axillary vein; cephalic vein; basilic vein; median cubital vein; subclavian vein; external/internal jugular vein; vertebral vein; brachiocephalic vein
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| arterial branches of abdominal aorta | celiac trunk; L gastric; spenic; common hepatic; superior mesenteric; renal; gonadal; inferior mesenteric; common iliac; internal iliac ; external iliac; femoral; deep artery of the thigh; popliteal; anterior/posterior tibial; dorsalis pedis; arcuate
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| arterial branches of the aortic arch | brachiocephalic trunk; R common carotid; R subclavian; L common carotid; L internal carotid; L external carotid; L subclavian; vertebral; axilary; brachial; radia and ulnar
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| arterial branches of the thoracic aorta | intercostal arteries (ten pairs); bronchial arteries; esophageal arteries; phrenic arteries
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