Anatomy & Physiology II Finals
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| What is the function of the male reproductive system? | To ensure the survival of the species
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| Male essential organ for gamete production | Testes
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| Male reproductive system accessory organs? (5) | Genital ducts, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory ducts, & Urethra
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| Male reproductive system accessory glands? (3) | Seminal vesicles (60% of semen), Prostate (30% of semen), & Bulborethral glands (5% of semen)
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| Male reproductive supporting structures? (3) | Scrotum, Penis, & Pair of spermatic cords
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| Origin of Testosterone secretion? | Interstitial cells (between lobules in testes)
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| Describe the location of Testes in the scrotum | One testes in each of 2 scrotal compartments
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| Describe the structure of lobules in testes | Seminiferous tubules, Interstitial cells (of Leydig), Separated by septa, & encased in tunica albuginea
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| Primary sexual characteristics? (2) | Maturity of gonads & reproductive tract
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| Examples of secondary sexual characteristics? | Fat, Hair distribution, Skeletal changes, etc.
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| What do you call a mature male gamete? | Spermatozoon (singular); Spermatozoa (plural)
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| Name the 3 main parts of a spermatozoon? | Head, Midpiece & tail
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| Name the 3 male reproductive ducts | Epididymis, Vas deferens (ductus deferens), & Ejaculatory
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| Trace the course of seminal fluid | from testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, & urethra
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| Name the parameters of Male & Female perineum; Name the 2 regions | Diamond shape between thighs; anteriorly from symphysis pubis to coccyx posteriorly; Ischial tuberosity on each side laterally. Divided into urogenital triangle (anterior) & anal triangle (posterior)
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| What is the function of the female reproductive system? | To produce offspring & ensure the continuity of the genetic code
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| Female essential organ for gamete production | Gonads (paired ovaries; internal)
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| Female reproductive accessory organs? (5) | Internal genitals (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina): External genitals (vulva): Additional sex glands (mammary glands, etc.)
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| development of fetus in a place OTHER than the uterus | Ectopic pregnancy
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| Oocyte released from the ovary | Ovum
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| The process of mature egg formation | Oogenesis
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| Describe the structure of the uterus | Pear-shaped with 2 main parts (cervix & body
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| What are the 3 layers of the uterine walls? | Inner endometrium, Middle myometrium (muscle), Outer (incomplete parietal peritoneum)
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| Supplies nutrition into the zygote until the placenta is produced | Endometrial glands
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| Organ that permits exchange of materials between mother's blood and fetal blood | Placenta
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| Cyclical event that allows endometrial renewal | Menstruation
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| A mucous membrane that forms a border around the vagina in young premenstrual females | Hymen
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| Name the external female genitals (7) | Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris, Urinary meatus, Vaginal orifice, & Greater vestibular glands
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| What is the function of the Mons pubis & Labia | Protect clitoris & vestibule
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| Name the 4 female reproductive cycles | Ovarian (development of oocytes via meiosis), Menstrual (endometrial cycle), Myometrial (contractions at menstruation), & Gonadotropic (pituitary secretions)
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| Name the 4 phases of mentrual cycle | Menses, Postmentrual phase, Ovulation, & Premenstrual phase
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| Female hormonal controls (4) | Ovary changes, Uterine changes,Low amounts of FSH & LH,Gonadotropin changes
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| 3 decades of female reproductive maturity | Menarche
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| Termination (cessation) of menstrual cycles | Menopause
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| Span of prenatal period | from conception to birth
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| Span of postnatal period | from birth until death
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| Study of changes occuring during the cycles of life from conception to death | Human Development Biology
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| Nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half their original number through separation of homologous pairs | Meiosis
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| Complex process in which a cell's DNA is replicated & divided equally between 2 daughter cells | Mitosis
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| production of spematozoa | Spermatogenesis
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| Production of ova | Oogenensis
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| Expulsion of mature ovum from mature ovarian follicle | Ovulation
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| Expulsion of seminal fluid from male into female vagina | Insemination
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| Heat from oviducts (fallopian tubes) | Thermotaxis
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| Attracting cells in or away from the vicinity | Chemotaxis
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| Fertilized ovum; genetically complete | Zygote
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| Solid mass of cells formed from zygote; takes 3 days | Morula
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| Hollow ball of cells formed after Morulla phase; implants into uterine lining | Blastocyst
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| Name for the outer wall of Blastocyst | Trophoblast
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| Inner portion of Blastocyst, consist of yolk sac & amniotic cavity | Inner Cell Mass
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| Endocrine Function of Placenta | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG); stimulates Corpus Luteum to continue Estrogen & Progesterone secretion
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| Span of Gestation period | Entire pregnancy (39 weeks of 3 month segments; trimesters)
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| Span of Embryonic Phase | form Fertilization until end of week 8
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| Span of Fetal Phase | Weeks 8 to 39
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| Name the cell's 3 germ layers formed from cells of embryonic disk | Endoderm (inside layer), Mesoderm (middle layer), & Ectoderm (outside layer)
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| The process of tissue development | Histogenesis
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| The arrangement of tissues into organs | Organogenesis
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| What hormone triggers Parturition (birth)? | Cortisol (it also reduces hCG/Progesterone secretion)
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| Define the 3 Stages of Labor | One (contractions-dilation); Two (dilation-birth); Three (expulsion of placenta)
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| Type of twins; splitting of embryonic tissue from same zygote early in development | Identical Twins
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| Type of twins; feritilization of 2 different ova by 2 different spermatozoa | Fraternal Twins
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| Span of Infancy | Birth until 18 months
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| Span of Childhood | from end of infancy to sexual maturity, or puberty
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| Span of Adolescent | Teenage years (13 to 19)
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| Anatomy's description of adulthood period | Maintenance of existing body tissues
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| Degenerative changes | Senescence
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| Build-up of fatty deposits on blood vessel walls (narrowing) | Atherosclerosis
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| "hardening" of the arteries | Arteriosclerosis
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| Far-sightedness due to hardening of eye lens | Presbyopia
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| Cloudy eye lens, which impairs vision | Cataract
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| Increased pressure with eyeball | Glaucoma
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| Clinical name for High Blood Pressure | Hypertension
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| The study of inheritance; how biological characteristics are inherited | Genetics
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| Directly inherited diseases | Hereditary diseases
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| Analysis of all proteins encoded by the genome (human proteome) | Proteomics
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| Analysis of the sequence contained in the genome | Genomics
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| Masks the effects of recessive gene for the same trait | Dominant Gene
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| effects are masked by the effects of a dominant gene for the same trait | Recessive gene
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| Gene combination | Genotype
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| Genotype with 2 identical forms of a gene | Homozygous
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| Genotype with 2 different forms of a gene | Heterozygous
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| Manner in which genotype is expressed; how an individual looks as a result of genotype | Phenotype
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| Possesssing the gene for a recessive trait but does not exhibit the trait | Carrier
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| When more than one gene is involved in producing a particular trait (e.g. height) | Polygenic traits
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| When 2 different dominant genes occur together, each will have an equal effect | Codominant traits
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| Change in the genetic code | Mutation
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| Extra information by genetic mutation | Insertion
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| Missing information by genetic mutation | Deletion
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| An agent that can cause genetic mutations | Mutagens
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| Disease caused by recessive genes in chromosome pair 7. Impairment of chloride ion transport across cell membranes | Cystic Fibrosis
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| Disease caused by a recessive gene that fail to produce phenylalanine hydroxylase. Phenylalanine cannot be metabolized and thus accumulates. High concentrations of phenylalanine destroy brain tissue | Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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| Disease caused by a recessive condition with missing lipid-processing enzyme. Abnormal lipids accumulate in brain | Tay-Sachs Disease
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| Disease caused by a dominant genetic disorder of connective tissues | Osteogenesis imperfecta
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| Disease caused by a dominant inherited disorder. Characterized by multiple benign tumors of glial cells that surround nerve fibers | Multiple neurofibromatosis
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| Down syndrome's mental retardation and multiple defects | Trisomy 21
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| Disease in males having more than one X chromosomes | Kleinfelter Syndrome
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| Genotype XO. Characterized by failure of ovaries & other organs to mature, sterility, cardiovascular defects, dwarfism, webbed neck & learning disorders | Turner Syndrome
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| Genes capable of causing cancer | Oncogenes
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| Name the 3 genetic basis of cancer | Oncogenes, Tumor suppressor genes, Genetic abnormalities
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| Name 3 ways of prevention & treatment of genetic diseases | Genetic counseling, Gene replacement, & Karyotype
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| Chart illustrating genetic relationships in a family over several generations | Pedigree
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| Grid used to determine the mathematical probability of inheriting genetic traits | Punnet Square
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| Ordered arrangement of photographs of chromosomes from a single cell; used in genetic counseling to identify chromosomal disorders | Karyotype
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| Therapy by changing the genetic code to replace normal proteins that are absent in genetic disorders | Gene Therapy
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| Abnormal, disease-causing proteins replaced by "Therapeutic" genes | Gene replacement
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| Normal genes introduced to augment production of needed protein | Gene Augmentation
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