The histology of the bone and the basic structure of bone
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| What are long bones? Where are they mostly found? | Long bones are bones that are longer than they are wide. They are mostly found in the eppendecular region, like your arms and legs
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| What are the three important parts of a long bone? | Diaphyses, epiphyses and metaphysis
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| What is in the epyphysis? What does it contain? | It is the distal and proximal ends of the bone, it has the travecula and spongy part of bone
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| What is the travecula? | it is one of the sticks that forms the soft part of the bone. Organized for max strength similar to braces that support a building. The trabeculae of spongy bone follow the lines of stress and can rearrange to deal with stress
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| What is the diaphysis? | It is the bone's body, the cylinder thingy
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| What does the intercellular matrix of bone contain? What is the intercellular matrix? | It contains calcium phosphate salts that are responsible to creating a hard outer surface to bone
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| What happens when calcium supply is depleted? | The bones release calcium
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| What is the metaphyses? where is it located? | It is where the growth plate occurs; located where the epi joins the diaphysis
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| What stops the growth of bone? What is the summary of the process of the end of bone growth? | Hormones stop it; after bone is done growing, then cartildge in the soft tissue becomes bone, and this forms the epiphyseal line
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| What is the articular cartilidge? What does it do? What is it made of? | It is on the far distal and proxmal ends; it reduces tension and absorbs shock in the bone and is made of hyline cartildge
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| What is periosteom? What does it contain? What is the cell type? How does it grow? How is it attached to bone? | Contains sensory neurons; everything, but cartlidge; and it is dense irregular. It can grow in width, but not length, attached to bone by perforation fibers that extend into bone matrix
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| Where does the epiphyses form? | at the joint
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| What is the process of shinsplint? | It is when the muscles pull on the periosteom so that it can become torn
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| What is the process of osteoarthritis? | The articular cartildge eventually dissapears, so bones rub up against each other
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| What is predominant in yellow bone? | fat cells
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| HOw are blood cells made? | They are made in the red bone marrow by a process called hemopoesis,
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| What is the meddulary cavity? | Contains yellow bone marrow in adults
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| What is the endosteum? What does it contain? | It is the membrane around meddulary cavity that contains bone forming cells and connective tissue
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| What is compact bone? What is it spaced? What is another word for it? | Microscopic space, solid orientation made of innorganic salts and calcium sulfides. Also called cardical bone
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| What makes bones hard? | crystillization of salts
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| What are examples of mechanical stress on skelaton? | Gravity
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| What is a compression force? How is it resisted? | Pushing force, like gravity; thus, the skelaton is hard
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| What is a tension force? Resisted how? | Pulling force; stretchiness resists it
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| How is twisting force resisted? | Orientation of callogen within osteon
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| Explain the differences in hardness and softness in bones: | Hardness if created by the innorganic salts and calcium in the extracellular matrix of the bone, but softness is created by organic callogen fibers
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| What is the inside of bones hallow? | Because the outside of bones receieves the most stress by gravity, so it is hard, and as we get into the bone, there is less strong forces acting on it, so the hallowness is formed
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| What is osteogenic cells? | Creating osteoblasts by dividing
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| What are osteoblasts? What are they responsible for? where are they located? how do they divide? | Bone buliding cells that are in the extracelllular matrix. They start the hardening of bones and they don't divide
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| what are Osteoctes? | This is what the osteoblast becomes after it trapped itself by secreting bone all around it. The osteocytes can metabolise like macrophages to go through bone; They are mature bone calls that don't divide
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| What are osteoclasts? | Break down matrix
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| What happens when you have more blast than clast? | hyperostosis, you have ectopic bones, osteopetrosis (holes in skull)
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| What happens when you have more clast than blast? | Steopenia: Holes in bone because it is getting calcium out of matrix: you can have osteoperosis, where you want to shut down those clasts
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| What happens when you have more organic than innorganic stuff in bone? | You have rickets or osteomalasia
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| What happens when you have inorganic greater than organic? | Brittle bone
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| What is the tree-trunk like cell called? | compact bone cell
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| What bone has a turnk like appearence under a microscope? | Compact bone
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| What is the function of osteogenic cells? | To make osteoblasts
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| What are hydroxyapetite? | They make the hard part of the bone, include calcium, phosphate
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| How does calcium get to bone? | Insulin allows calcium to get out of our stomach with the use of vitamin and uv sunlight.
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| Where do the nerves of the coompact bone pass? What is this particular structure called? | Central or hyversian canal
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| What is needed in oder to lay dawn the bone matrix? | We need callogen to line up so that the osteoblast can deposit the matrix and calcium can come over and harden the stuff to make hard bone.
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| What is the function of the lamella in the bone? | To have different callogen oritentations to resist the twisting force eacting on the bone
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| How do the osteocytes communicate with each other? | Through the gap junctionso f the canaliculi
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| Where is hylaine cartilage located in a developing bone? | All over and it gets replaced as calcification takes place in the diaphyses
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| In what direction do the epiphyseal plates allow growth? | In length
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| What direction of growth does the periosteon allow? How is it attached to the bone? | Growth in width, attached through sharpey's or perforating fibers
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| What is the ruffled surface of the osteoclast? | When the PM folds into a border to allow resportion
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| How does the osteon help in resisting stress? | The orientation of callogen fibers in osteon are responsible to resist the twisting force because they orient to resist it
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| What is the difference between spongy and compact bone? | Spongy bone has no ostean, has trabeculi, and houses red bone marrow, but compact bone has mostly yellow bone marrow in adults, does have osteon.
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| How does a bone scan work? | Radioactive stuff injected in female, we measure how well it is metabolized by bone, which means that the bones that have light colored stuff means low metabolism, which means there's something wrong with the bone, but bones with a lot of activiy= cancer
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| Describe the first method of bone formation, the simplest one and tell what stuff would undergo this method? | Intramembranous ossification is formation of flat bones in skull or ribs. Four steps are 1) Formation of center of ossification, where osteoblast will lay down bone; calcification, bone hardens; formation of trabeculae, make spongy bone; periosteum bymchy
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| How does endochondral ossification take place? Give the first two steps | forms the growth model, made of hyline cartilage; cartilage growth by forming new cartilage at epiphyseal side and replacing cartilage by bone in diaphyseal side
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| Give the last three steps of the longer version of bone growth: | Devlop center of ossification; the actual place where new bone growth takes place, osteoclast breakds donw trabeculi in diaphses to make medulary cavity; secondary ossification center is outward from center to surface, doesn't get rid of spongy bone
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| What is the process of fracture repair? | Reduction (closed, open); fracture hematoma, fibrocartilage forms; bony callus forms; bone remodelling
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| What happens to bone as it ages? | The articular cartilage may break down, causing arthritis; you may lose bone mass as a result of loss of calcium; brittleness due to lack of calcium
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| What is the similarity between rickets and osteomalacia? | they both result in more soft bone because calcification is not taking place due to loss of innorganic stuff
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| How does the maxillary sinus empy? | Laterally, into nasal cavity
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| What is the difference between hyperostosis and osteopenia? | Hyperostosis is when
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| JOINTS | JOINTS
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| Fibrous: | rich in callogen fiber, no synovial caivity, like sutures; they don't move
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| What allows movement in the joints? | Synovial cavity
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| What is the function of the bifrous capsule: | Attaches to periosteom and allows movement
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| What is the function of ligaments? | They resist strains becaus they are the thickening of the joint capsule
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| Arituclar discs are what? | Divide articulation into two parts to allow two different moes to take place
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| What is the outermost layer of muscle ccell caled? | Epymysium
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| What is a single muscle cell called: | myofiber
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| What are the mutliples of muscle fibers bundled together called? | Fasciles
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| What is the membrane that surrounds these fascicles? | Perimysium
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| What seperates individual muscle fibers? | Endomysium
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| What is the function of the tendon? | Attaches muscle to the perimesium of the bone
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| What is the function of the apondeurosis? | It it the broad flat layer of attachment of the tendon
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| What is the sacrolemma? | It is the PM of the muscle cell
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| What is the sarcopasm? Why is it there? | Cytoplasm of muscle fiber, used to make AtP because mitochondria and lots of nucleous is here
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| Explain the start of the process of muscle contraction, using appropriate histology: Focusing on the a muscle cell and fibers | A single muscle cell is called a myofiber (can), when bundled together with other muscle cells, we get fasicles (multiple cans). Around the fascicles is a tissue of the perimysium, which surrounds the fasicles.
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| Explain the histology of the muscle cell further, explaining the membranes associated with it. | Around the myofiber is the cell plasma membrane, which is the sarcolemma, which has t-tubles coming through it that are open to the outside.
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