bio exam3
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| codominant | allele that are both expressed when they occur together in the heterozygous state (example are A and B alleles in the ABO blood groupings)
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| codon | group of 3 mRNA bases each of which specifies an amino acid when translated
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| complementary | a fundamental process in which adenosine pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine
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| adenosine pairs with what in DNA? | Thymine
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| Thymine pairs with what in DNA/RNA? | Adenosine
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| Cytosine pairs with what in DNA/RNA? | Guanine
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| Guanine pairs with what in DNA/RNA? | Cytosine
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| adenoine pairs with what in RNA? | Uracil
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| cytokinesis | cytoplasmic division that occurs during mitosis and meiosis
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| diploid | having 2 copies of each chromosome.
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| what is the diploid number for human chromosomes | 46
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| DNA | double helix, contains a nitrogenous base pairs, made of sugar deoxyribose, sugar-phosphate backbone
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| exon | portions of the genes that encode for amino acids, retained
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| dominant | an allele that is expresed in the same way in a single copy as in a double copy
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| gamete | haploid germ cell
ex. sperm and ovum
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| promoter | before every structural gene this exists. dna sequence located 5' of a gene to which rna polymerase binds to begin transcription
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| enhancers | increase the production of a particular protein....regulatory gene...ex.proto-onco genes
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| silencer | turns of expression of a gene. ex. proto-onco genes
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| gene | fundamental unit of heredity, information used to produce/codes for a protein
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| genotype | indivdual's allelic constiution at a locus
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| haploid | refer to the cells that have one copy of each chromosome, the typical state for gametes
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| what is the haploid number for humans? | 23
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| heterozygous | individual who has 2 different alleles at a locus
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| homologous | dna/amino acids sequence highly similar to one another. refers to chromosones that pair during fertilization (1 from mom, one from dad)
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| homozygous | individual with two alleles at the locus are the same
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| intron | noncoding part of mrna,spliced out
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| meiosis | cell division process in which haploid gametes are formed from diploid germ cells
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| metaphase | stage of mitosis/meosis in which homologous chromosomes are arranged on the equatorial plane of the cell
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| mitosis | cell division process in which 2 identical progency cells are produced from a single parent cell
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| nucleotide | basic unit of dna or rna consisting of one deoxyribose (ribose in RNA case) one phosphate, and one nitrogenous base
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| phenotype | observed characteristics of an individual, produced by the interaction of genes and enviroment
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| polymorphism | a locus in which 2 or more alleles have gene frequencies greater than 0.01 in a population
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| prophase | first stage of mitosis and meosis
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| recessive | an allele that is masked by the dominant allele when the two occur in a heterozygote
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| repetitive DNA | DNA sequences that are found in multiple copies in the genome
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| ribosomes | site of translation of mature mesenger rna into amino acids sequences
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| satellite dna | a portion of the dna that differs enough in base composition so that it form a distinct bond on a cesium, usually contain highly repeptitive dna sequences
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| somatic | a cell other than those of the gamete-forming germline, in humans those are called haploid
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| structural gene | genes that encode protein products
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| telophase | a final major stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the daughter chromosomes are located on oppoite edges of the cell and new nuclear envelope is formed
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| transcription | process in which mRNA sequence is sythesized from DNA template
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| allele | refers to the different form or DNA sequences, that a gene can have in a population
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| anaphase | one of the stages of cell division, in which sister chromatids seperate and move toward opposite ide of the cell
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| anticodon | 3 nucleotides dna sequence in a trna molecule that undergoes complementary base pairing with mRNA codon
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| autosome | the 22 pairs of chromosomes excluding the sex chromosomes (x and y)
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| centromere | the region of a chromosome that seperates the two arms; site of attachment for the sspindle fibers during cell division
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| chromosome | threadlike structure consisting of chromatin
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| mRNA | is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes. Here, the nucleic acid polymer is translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein
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| tRNA | is a small RNA molecule (usually about 74-95 nucleotides) that transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation
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| rRNA | RNA component of the protein manufacturing machinery of all living cells.provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids and interacts with tRNAs during translation by providing peptidyl transferase activity
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| translation | is the third stage of protein biosynthesis (part of the overall process of gene expression). Where mRNA is decoded to create a protein.
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| splicing (mRNA) | is a modification of an RNA after transcription, in which introns are removed and exons are joined.
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| regulatory gene | is a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes. A regulator gene may encode a protein, or it may work at the level of RNA, as in the case of genes encoding microRNAs.
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| examples of regulatory genes | promoter – bind RNA polymerase-before every structural gene properly orient the polymerase, give start point enhancer silencer
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| disjunction | the seperation of chromosomes during cell division
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| chromatid | is one of the two identical copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis).
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| antiparallel | In biochemistry, two molecules are that run side-by-side in opposite directions. 5 to 3 prime end
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