Fall 2006 N.316 week 4 exam 1 Eye & vision
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| changes that lead to altered protection of the eye Eye Disorders Age Related Changes Senile entropion | Inversion of the lid marginsLashes may cause corneal irrattion and damage
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| Eye changes that lead to altered protection of the eye Disorders Age Related Senile ectropion | Eversion of the eyelid margin Conjunctival exposure and possible inflamation
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| changes that lead to altered protection of the eye Eye Disorders Age Related creased Corneal Sensivity | Increased potential for damage due to foreign body trauma
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| Decreased tear serreation | Increased potential for infection or damage due to environmental pollution
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| Changes that affect vision Conditions of Flattening of the Cornea will have ?Effect on vision? | Reduced refractory power and decreased visual acuity
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| Changes that affect vision Conditions of Pupillary Constriction will have ?Effect on vision? | - amount of light reaching retina to appx 1/3 of previous amount (younger years
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| Changes that affect vision Conditions of Decreased Lens Elasticity will have ?Effect on vision? | Decreased visual acuity, affecting close vision
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| Changes that affect vision Conditions of Increased Lens Density will have ?Effect on vision? | Increased problems with glare. (scattering of light rays)
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| Loss of sensory cells @ periphery of the retina | Decreased visual fields (peripheral vision)
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| Mechanical changes of Senile enophthalmos | Sinking in of the eyes giving a “hollow eyed” appearance
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| Mechanical changes of Senile enophthalmos have what effect on vision? | May limit peripheral vision in all directions to the sides upward and downward
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| Decreased eye motility | Increased difficulty with looking upward and convergence
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| convergence | simultaneous inward movement of both eyes toward each other,
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| motility | Moving or having the power to move spontaneously: motile spores
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| Hirsutism | Heavy growth of hair, often in abnormal distribution.The presence of excessive body and facial hair, especially in women.
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| Alopecia | Loss of hair; baldness.
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| Onycholysis | The separation or loosening of a fingernail or toenail from its nail bed.
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| Paronychia | Inflammation of the tissue surrounding a fingernail or toenail.
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| Onychomycosis | A fungus disease of the nails.
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| Unguis incarnatus | Ingrown toenail -
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| Frost Bite Exposure temps | Exposure temps14 to 25 degrees by peripheral tissue (nose, fingers, ears)
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| Frost Bite | numbness, itching, prickling, red, blue or white skin then burning/aching pain
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| Frost Bite | warming with lukewarm water, do not rub or massage
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| Frost Bite | Injury or destruction of skin and underlying tissue, most often that of the nose, ears, fingers, or toes, resulting from prolonged exposure to freezing or subfreezing temperatures.
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| Pressure Ulcers | A pressure-induced ulceration of the skin occurring in persons confined to bed for long periods of time.
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| Pressure Ulcers Stages- I, | A reddened area on the skin that, when pressed, is "non-blanchable" (does not turn white). This indicates that a pressure ulcer is starting to develop.
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| Pressure Ulcers Stage II: | The skin blisters or forms an open sore. The area around the sore may be red and irritated.
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| Pressure Ulcers Stage III: | The skin breakdown now looks like a crater where there is damage to the tissue below the skin
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| Pressure Ulcers Stage IV: | Stage IV: The pressure ulcer has become so deep that there is damage to the muscle and bone, and sometimes tendons and joints
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| Benign Skin Lesions | Cysts Keloids Nevi Angiomas Skin Tags Keratoses Seborrheic Actinic
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| Cysts | Pathology. An abnormal membranous sac containing a gaseous, liquid, or semisolid substance A sac or vesicle in the body
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| Keloids | A red, raised formation of fibrous scar tissue caused by excessive tissue repair in response to trauma or surgical incision.
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| Nevi | moles flat or raised macules or papules rounded well defined boarders
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| Angiomas | benign vascular tumors
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| Skin Tags | benign condition which consists of a bit of skin that projects from the surrounding skin Skin tags can vary quite a bit in appearance. They may be smooth or irregular, flesh colored or more deeply pigmented, and either simply be raised above the surround
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| Keratoses | any skin condition in which there is a benign overgrowth of the cornified epithelium
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| Seborrheic | lesions superficial flat smooth or warty surface growths
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| Actinic | dry, scaly, rough-textured patches or lesions that form on the outermost layer of the skin after years of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, such as sunlight.
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| Acne Conglobata | – Acne of adulthood similar to Adolescent
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| Acne Rosacea | – adult onset, erythema plaques over nose and around mouth, long term skin
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| erythema | Redness of the skin caused by dilatation and congestion of the capillaries, often a sign of inflammation or infection.
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| Acne Vulgaris – | adolescents vCause: Genetic, not diet or hygiene
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| Acne | Clogged sebaceous glands d/t thick sebus, followed by inflammation and infection in follicle Comedones, backheads, pustules, cysts
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| Comedones, backheads, | a black-tipped plug clogging a pore of the skin A plug of keratin and sebum within a hair follicle that is blackened
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| 25 Inflammatory Disorders of the Skin Dermatitis Varieties | Contact Atopic – Seborrheic Exfoliative
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| Contact | Contact – hypersensitivity response or chemical
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| Atopic | eczema – genetic, hx allergies, sx: lictenification, erythema, scaling
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| – Seborrheic | chronic scalp, eybrows, eyelids, ear canals axilla, trunk sx: yellow-white plaques, greasy
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| Exfoliative | excessive peeling or shedding of skin, Systemic and Local Sx:weakness,malaise,fever,chills, wgt loss, secondary to CA, or other dermatitis
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| Viral Infections of the skin | Herpes Simplex Herpes Zoster Human Papilloma Virus
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| Herpes Simplex | Cold sores, fever blisters, viral load present
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| Herpes Zoster | Shingles – virus dormant in neurons from specific innervated portion of back, follow 1 dermatone Tx: acyclovir – Zovirax – slows replication of viruses
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| Papilloma Virus | Warts – uruca vulgaris (common) Plantar – bottom of foot
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| 23 Parasitic Infections of the Skin | Pediculosis Scabies
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| Pediculosis – | corporis, pedis, capitis
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| Scabies – | Burrows under sking, found in warm places
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| Treatment Parasitic Infections of the Skin | Nix Kwell lotion and shampoo
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| Fungal Skin Infections | Dermatophyte Candidiosis
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| Dermatophyte | Tinea pedis, corporus, capitus, crus
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| Candidiosis | yeast Vaginal, mucous membrane, GI Tx: Topical or systemic
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| Candidiosis treatment | Miconazole – Monistat Ketoconezole – Nizoral Fluconazole - Diflucan
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| cause Candidiosis | poor nutrition, antibiotics, malignancies, warm moist
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| Infections of the Skin | 1 Pyroderma Folliculitis Furnuncles 2 Carbuncles Cellulitis Erysipilos Impetigo
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| 1 Pyroderma | A pyogenic [Producing pus]skin disease.
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| Folliculitis | Inflammation of a follicle, especially of a hair follicle.
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| Infections of the Skin | Pyroderma Folliculitis Furnuncles Carbuncles Cellulitis Erysipilos Impetigo
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| Furnuncles | A boil
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| Carbuncles | A painful localized bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that usually has several openings through which pus is discharged.
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| Cellulitis | A spreading inflammation of subcutaneous or connective tissue.cellulitis refers to an infection involving the skin's deeper layers; the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
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| Erysipilos | An acute disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by a species of hemolytic streptococcus and marked by localized inflammation and fever. Also called Saint Anthony's fire.
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| Impetigo | A contagious bacterial skin infection, usually of children, that is characterized by the eruption of superficial pustules and the formation of thick yellow crusts, commonly on the face.
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| 20 Common Skin Problems | Pruitis Xerosis Ichthyosis Xeroderma Psoriasis
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| Pruitis | an intense itching sensation that can have various causes (as by allergies or infection or lymphoma or jaundice etc.)
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| Xerosis | dry skin Treatment is primarily symptomatic.
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| Ichthyosis | A congenital, often hereditary skin disease marked by dry, thickened, scaly skin. Also called fishskin disease
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| Xeroderma | Excessive or abnormal dryness of the skin, as in ichthyosis.
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| Psoriasis | A noncontagious inflammatory skin disease characterized by recurring reddish patches covered with silvery scales.
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| The Ear- Anatomy and Physiology | Outer Ear Middle Ear – Inner Ear –
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| Outer Ear | - Pinna, external auditory canal
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| Middle Ear – | Airfilled – auditory ossicles, oval
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| Inner Ear – | bony chamber behind eye, semicircular canal, cochlea
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| Hearing Testing/Assessment | *Conductive loss - Bone (Rhine test) vs Air Hearing Testing/Assessment Conductive loss - Bone (Rhine test) vs Air Sensineural loss
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| Sensineural loss | Of, relating to, or involving the sensory nerves, especially as they affect the hearing: sensorineural deafness
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| Conductive loss | a failure in the efficient conduction of sound waves through the outer ear, tympanic membrane (eardrum) or middle ears (ossicles).
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| Differentiating conductive and sensorineuronal hearing loss | When a Weber test is carried out, sound localizes to the ear affected by the conductive loss. A Rinne test, in which air conduction is normally greater than bone conduction, is usually negative (abnormal), and shows higher greater bone conduction than air
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| Weber test | In the Weber test of hearing, a tuning fork is struck and placed on the patient's forehead. The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder.This test cannot confirm normal hearing, because hearing defects affecting both ears equally
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| Rinne test, | The Rinne test of hearing compares perception of sounds, as transmitted by air or by sound conduction through the mastoid. This is achieved by placing a vibrating tuning fork (512 Hz) initially on the mastoid, then next to the ear and asking which sound i
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| Ear Disorders | Tinnitus External Otitis Impacted Cerumen
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| Tinnitus | – Ringing of buzzing in ear
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| External Otitis | – swimmer’s ear Sx: pain with mvt, edema Tx: local antibiotics, topical cortisone
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| Impacted Cerumen | or foreign body Sx: Muffled hearing Irrigation, wax softeners
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| Ear Infections | Otitis Media Serous Otitis Media Acute Otitis Media
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| Otitis Media | is an inflammation of the middle ear segment of the ear. It is one of the two which involve inflammation of the ear drum (tympanic membrane), and are usually associated with a buildup of fluid in the space behind the ear drum (middle ear space).
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| Serous Otitis Media | Serous otitis media is the term we use to describe a collection of fluid in the middle ear. This may be acute or chronic.
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| Acute Otitis Media | is the presence of fluid, typically pus, in the middle ear with symptoms of pain, redness of the eardrum, and possible fever.
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| Otitis Media | Inflammation of the middle ear, occurring commonly in children as a result of infection and often causing pain and temporary hearing loss.
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| Other Disorders of the Ear | Otosclerosis Labyrinthitis- Meniere’s Disease
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| Otosclerosis Cause Symptoms | A disease of the ear in which the movement of the stapes within the oval window becomes impeded by abnormal deposits of spongy bone, leading to a progressive loss of hearing.
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| Labyrinthitis-Symptoms | Inflammation of the inner ear, sometimes accompanied by vertigo. Also called otitis interna.
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| Meniere’s Disease-Symptoms | A pathological condition of the inner ear characterized by dizziness, ringing in the ears, and progressive loss of hearing. Also called Ménière's syndrome.unknown or spontaneous o
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| Inner Ear Functions & Dysfunctions | Balance Vertigo Dizziness
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| Balance | Input from eyes, labyrinth, muscles, joints, neural center in brain
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| Vertigo | Disorder of equilibrium subjective – sensation of uncontrolled moving in a stable environment
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| Dizziness | Sensation of unsteadiness, lack of balance, lightheadedness, or movement within head
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| Hearing Loss | Acoustic Neuroma Conductive Hearing Loss Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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| Acoustic Neuroma | Benign tumor of CN VII unilateral, nystagmus, tinnitis An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor involving cells of the myelin sheath that surrounds the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve).
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| Pesbycusis | Loss of hearing that gradually occurs because of age-related changes in the inner or middle ear.
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| Retinitis Pigmentosa | Hereditary Atrophy Night Vision Impaired Photophobia Abnormal Color Vision Tunnel Vision Blindness
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| Hearing Loss | HHearing Aids - amplification
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| unilateral | On, having, or confined to only one side.
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| nystagmus | A rapid, involuntary oscillatory motion of the eyeball.
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| tinnitis | sound in one ear or both ears, such as buzzing, ringing, or whistling, occurring without an external stimulus and usually caused by a specific condition, such as an ear infection, the use of certain drugs, a blocked auditory tube or canal, or a head inju
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| Diabetic Retinopathy | Ages 20-74 is retinopathy (damage to the retina) caused by complications of diabetes mellitus, which could eventually lead to blindness. It is an
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| Eye Trauma | Burns Penetrating Trauma Blunt Trauma
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| Diabetic Retinopathy | Retinal changes occurring in long-term diabetes and characterized by punctate hemorrhages, microaneurysms, and sharply defined waxy exudates.
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| Macular degeneration | #1 cause blindness if over 75 Cause – impaired nutrition to macula Sx – central vision loss Tx – laser – slows progression, no cure
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| Macula – | area receiving light on retina, center of visual acuity
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| Macular degeneration | condition in which the cells of the macula lutea degenerate, resulting in blurred vision and ultimately blindness
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| Retina Tears or Detachment | *Cause – spontaneous or trauma Result – visual loss, floaters, flashes, curtains
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| Glaucoma – | Increased pressure in intraocular space results in optic nerve damage and narrowing of vision field
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| Glaucoma – | *Open angle – 90% Angle-closure - rare
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| Glaucoma – | Any of a group of eye diseases characterized by abnormally high intraocular fluid pressure, damaged optic disk, hardening of the eyeball, and partial to complete loss of vision.
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| Cataracts – | Opacification of the lens surgical replacement
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| Cataracts – | Cataracts are clouding of the lens portion of theeye. The result is much like smearing grease over the lens ofa camera and impairs normal vision
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| Eye Disorders Age Related Changes Altered Protection | Senile Entropion and Ectropion Decreased Corneal Sensivity Decreased Tear Secretion
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| Senile Entropion | Entropion is defined as inversion of the eyelid margin
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| Ectropion | A rolling outward of the margin of a body part, especially an eyelid.
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| Decreased Corneal Sensivity | (blank)
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| Decreased Tear Secretion | (blank)
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| Vision Changes | Flattening of the Cornea Pupillary Constriction Decreased Lens Elasticity Increased Lens Density
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| Mechanical Changes | Loss of Sensory Cells Senile Enophthalmos Decreased Eye Motility
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| Cosmetic Vision Changes | Yellowing of Sclera Arcus Senilis
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| Infectious/Inflammatory Disorders | Marginal Blepharitis Hordeolum (Sty) Conjunctivitis Corneal Infections 2 Keratitis Corneal Ulcer
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