ABSITE cell biology
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| What are desmosomes/hemidesmosmes? | adhesion molecules (cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix), which anchor cells
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| What are tight junctions? | cell-cell occluding junctions and form an impermeable barrier
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| What are gap junctions? | allow communication between cells (connexin subunits)
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| What are G proteins? | Intramembrane proteins, transduce signal from receptor to response enzyme
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| What is ligand-triggered protien kinase? | Receptor and response enzyme are a single transmembrane protien
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| What is a cell membrane? | A lipid bilayer that contains protiens, enzymes, and receptors, cholesterol increases membrane fluidity
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| True or False: cells are negative on the inside compared to the outside. | True, based on Na/K ATPase (3Na out/2 K in)
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| What are the major cations? | Na, K, Ca, Mg
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| What are the major anions? | Cl, HCO3, SO4, HPO4, protien, organic anions
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| What are ABO blood type antigens? | Glycolipids on cell membrane
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| What are HLA type antigens? | Glycoprotiens (Gp) on cell membrane
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| What is osmotic equilibrium? | Water will move from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration
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| G1 phase of cell cycle | Cell contents duplicate, Protein synthesis, most variable, determines cell cycle length
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| S phase of cell cycle | Chromosomal duplication
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| G2 phase of cell cycle | Metabolic changes, prepare for mitosis
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| M phase of cell cycle | nucleus divides (Mitosis) followed by cell division (cytokinesis)
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| What is the restriction point? | In G1 phase, cell is commited to division and moves on to S phase, or goes to G0 cell cycle arrest
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| What are the phases if mitosis? | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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| What is Prophase? | Centromere attachment, spindle formation, and nucleus disappears
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| What is Metaphase? | Chromosome alignment
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| What is Anaphase? | Chromosome pulled apart
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| What is Telophase? | Separate nucleus re-forms around each set of chromosomes
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| Nucleus | double membrane, outer membrane continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum
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| Nucleolus | inside the nucleus, no membrane, and produces ribosomes
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| Transcription | DNA strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase for synthesis of a mRNA strand
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| Transcription factors | bind DNA and help the transcription of genes Steriod and thyroid hormones, AP-1, NFKB, STAT, NFAT
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| Steriod hormones role in transcription | bind receptors in cytoplasm, then enters nucleus and acts as transcription factor
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| Thyroid hormone role in transcription | bind receptors in nucleus, then acts as transcription factor
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| Initiation factors | bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription
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| DNA polymerase chain reaction | oligonucleotides used to amplify specific DNA sequences
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| Purines | guainine and adenine guanine forms 1 hydrogen bond with cytosine adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with either thymidine or uracil
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| Pyrimidines | cytosine and thymidine(DNA) and uracil(RNA)
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| Translation | mRNA is used as a template by ribosomes for synthesis of protein
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| Ribosomes | have small and large subunits that read mRNA, then bind appropriate tRNAs that have amino acids, and make proteins
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| Products of glycolysis | 1 glucose= 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules
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| Pyruvate is used in what other cycle? | Kreb cycle
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| Mitochondria | have 2 membranes, Kreb cycle on inner matrix, create NADH/FADH2
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| Products of Kreb cycle | 2 pyruvate= NADH and FADH2
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| NADH and FADH2 are used in what? | electron transport chain to create ATP
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| 1 glucose molecule produce how many ATP? | 36 ATP
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| Gluconeogenesis | process by whch lactic acid and amino acids are converted to glucose (in liver)
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| Cori cycle | gluconeogenesis (in liver) produces glucose that is transported to glycolysis (in muscle) to produce pyruvate and then lactate, where lactate is then transported to liver to be used for gluconeogenesis
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| True or False: Acetyl CoA can be converted to pyruvate. | False, fats and lipids are not available for gluconeogenesis b/c acetyl CoA can NOT be converted back to pyruvate
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | synthesizes proteins that are exported, increased in pancreatic acinar cells
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | lipid/steriod synthesis,detoxifies drugs, increased in liver and adrenal cortex
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| Golgi apparatus | modifies proteins with carbs; proteins are then transported to the cellular membrane, are secreted, or are targeted to lysosomes
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| Lysosomes | digestive enzymes that degrade engulfed particle and worn out organelles
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| Phagosomes | engulfed large particle; then fuse with lysosomes
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| Endosomes | engulfed small particles; fuse with lysosomes
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| Protein kinase A | activated by cAMP, phosphorylates other enzymes
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| Protein kinase C | activated by calcium and diacylglycerol(DAG), phosphorylates
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| Myosin | thick filament, uses ATP to slide along actin to cause muscle contraction
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| Actin | thin filament, interact with myosin
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| Intermediate filaments | keratin (hair/nails), desmin (muscle), vimentin (fibroblasts)
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| Microtubules | form specialized cellular structures such as cilia, neuronal axons, and mitotic spindles, also transport organelles in the cell
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| Centriole | specialized microtubule involved in cell division
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