Machen Biblical Greek Lesson 02-06 Grammar
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| What are Greek accents useful for? | Not only does the accent enable us to pronounce words correctly, it also often helps identifying forms.
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| Are the accents pronounced differently from one another? | In archaic Greek different accents implied different musical pitches but by our target time period we expect a stress accent.
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| What is the last syllable of the word? | The last syllable of a Greek word is the ultima.
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| What is the second last syllable of the word? | The second last syllable of a Greek word is the penult.
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| What is the third last syllable of the word? | The third last syllable of a Greek word is the antepenult.
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| How is a long syllable identified? | Syllables containing a long vowel or a diphthong are long.
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| Are any diphthongs considered short? | A final syllable containing αι or οι is considered short for purposes of accent.
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| Where may an acute accent be? | The acute accent can stand only on one of the last three syllables of a word.
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| Where may a circumflex accent be? | The circumflex can stand only on one of the last two syllables. It can never be on a short syllable.
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| Where may a grave accent be? | The grave accent can stand only on the last syllable.
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| When is it impossible to put an accent on an antepenult? | The antepenult cannot be accented if the ultima is long.
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| If the ultima is long what kind of accent can be on the penult? | If the ultima is long the penult, if it is accented, must have an acute accent.
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| If the ultima is short what kind of accent can be on the penult? | If the ultima is short the penult, if it is accented, must have a circumflex.
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| When is a grave accent found? | An acute accent on the last syllable of a word, regardless of the length of its vowel, is changed to the grave when followed, without intervening mark of punctuation, by other words in a sentence.
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| What are characteristics of verbs? | Greek verbs have tense, voice and mood. Some moods have person and number.
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| What does the present tense in the indicative mood refer to? | The present indicative refers to present time.
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| What does the active voice indicate? | The active voice represents the subject as acting instead of being acted upon.
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| What does the indicative mood signify? | The indicative mood makes an assertion.
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| Is it necessary to use personal pronouns to indicate person and number in Greek? | It is not necessary to use personal pronouns to indicate person and number in Greek, though Greek does have them and may use them.
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| What is a verb stem? | The stem of a word is that part which remains constant and to which endings may be added.
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| How is the present stem of a verb located? | The present stem is obtained by removing the final ω from the form given in the vocabulary.
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| What is a progressive tense? | A progressive tense tends to indicate repeated or ongoing activity. Sometimes we call it linear action.
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| Is the present tense linear? | The present tense is part of the progressive tense system but it can also serve as a simple present.
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| What is parsing? | To parse is to identify a particular verb according to its form. Complete parsing includes tense, voice, mood, person, number, and lexical (dictionary) form.
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| What is the importance of parsing? | If a student is able to parse a verb instantly and on sight the student will reliably recognize all the important characteristics of the verb. Parsing is never an end in itself.
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| What is a recessive accent? | Verbs have a recessive accent. The accent will be as far from the end of the word as the accent rules permit.
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| What is a declension? | A declension is a group of nouns or adjectives which have similar forms.
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| Does Greek have articles? | Greek does not have an indefinite article but it does have a definite article. In Greek sometimes the article is used where it would not be appropriate in English.
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| What are important characteristics of Greek nouns? | Greek nouns have gender, number and case.
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| What are the three genders of Greek nouns? | Greek nouns may be masculine, feminine or neuter. In most cases gender is merely a grammatical classification.
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| How is the gender of a Greek noun identified? | Recognize the gender of a Greek noun from the definite article. The nominative singular ending is not always reliable.
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| What is the masculine definite article? | The masculine nominative singular definite article is ὁ.
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| What is the feminine definite article? | The feminine nominative singular definite article is ἡ.
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| What is the neuter definite article? | The neuter nominative singular definite article is τό.
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| What are the numbers of Greek nouns? | Greek nouns have two numbers: singular and plural.
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| What word must agree with the subject in number? | The subject and verb agree in number.
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| What are the four cases in Greek? | Greek has four cases: nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative. There is a fifth case, the vocative, used occasionally and readily recognized.
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| How is the stem of a Greek noun identified? | Remove the genitive singular ending from a Greek noun to identify the stem.
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| What is the nominative case used for? | The nominative case is used for the subject of a sentence.
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| What is the accusative case used for? | The accusative case is used for the direct object of a verb.
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| What is the genitive case used for? | The genitive case expresses relationships such as possession, source, and separation. We often find the word "of" useful in rendering the genitive case.
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| What is the dative case used for? | The dative case expresses relationships such as instrumentality, location, or reception. It is the case of the indirect object of a verb. We often find the words "to" or "for" useful in rendering the dative case.
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| What is special about the declension of neuter nouns? | In all neuter nouns of all declensions the accusative of both numbers is like the nominative.
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| What is normal Greek word order? | The normal order of the sentence in Koine Greek is like that in English.
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| May Greek word order be varied? | Greek word order is much more flexible than English word order. We must identify the use of words in the sentence by their endings, not their order.
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| Why is there a ν on the end of some words after an ending? | The movable ν is added normally at the end of a sentence or where the following word begins with a vowel or a τ. It is used for greater euphony.
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| Is the noun accent recessive? | Noun accents are persistent. They remain on the same syllable as in the nominative singular as long as general accent rules permit.
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| What accent appears in the genitive and dative of 2nd declension nouns accented on the ultima? | In the second declension, if the ultima is accented, it has a circumflex in the genitive and dative but an acute in the nominative and accusative.
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| Does the α or η in the nominative singular generally indicate the feminine? | All nouns of the first declension ending in α or η are feminine, and conversely all feminine nouns of the first declension end in α or η.
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| What are the three groups of first declension feminine nouns? | Some first declension feminine nouns have an α in the singular endings. Some have an η. Some have α in the nominative and accusative and an η in the genitive and dative.
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| How do the plural endings differ in the different groups of first declension nouns? | All groups of first declension nouns have the same plural endings.
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| How is the stem of a first declension noun found? | Remove the genitive singular ending to identify the stem of a Greek noun.
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| When does a first declension feminine keep the α throughout the singular? | First declension feminine nouns with an ε, ι, or ρ before the α will keep the α throughout the singular.
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| Where is the accent on the genitive plural of first declension nouns? | Nouns of the first declension have a genitive plural with a circumflex on the ultima.
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| What is a proclitic? | A proclitic is a word that goes so closely with the following word as to have no accent of its own.
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| Which forms of the definite article are proclitic? | ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, and αἱ are proclitics.
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| How does an adjective agree with its noun? | Adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number and case but not necessarily ending.
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| What are the two positions of adjectives? | Adjectives may be in the attributive position or the predicate position.
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| What is an example of an attributive adjective? | In the phrase "the good word" the adjective is attributive.
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| What is an example of a predicate adjective? | In the sentence "the word is good" the adjective is predicate.
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| How is an attributive adjective identified in Greek? | An attributive adjective has an article immediately in front of it.
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| How is a predicate adjective identified in Greek? | A predicate adjective in Greek does not have an article immediately before the adjective.
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| What is a substantive adjective? | A substantive adjective is an adjective which is used as though it is a noun.
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| Do third declension adjectives always have a circumflex on the ultima in the genitive feminine plural? | Third declension adjectives follow the normal accent rules in the genitive feminine plural. There is not always a circumflex on the ultima, as in the first declension.
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