Pathology neuro
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| Tau pathology | Much more spatial course than amyloid. First seen in temporal lobe>frontal>parietal
(not really seen in occipital lobe)
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| Neurofibrillary Tangles | NT is due to TAU and has a more typical spatial course than amyloid plaques. Tau causes death of neuron and is highly resistant to degradation
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| TDP-43 pathology | Normally found in nucleus; should not be found in cytoplasm-->in FTLD-TDP43 it is found outside of the nucleus
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| akathesia | (extrapyramidal)--condition marked by motor restlessness, ranging from anxiety to inability to lie or sit quietly or to sleep, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs.
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| Glioblastoma Multiforme | Typically presents with seizures or subtle deficits (memory). Typically leads to death because of mass effect and not metastasis. Most patients die within year of diagnosis
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| TDP-43 | normally only in cytoplasm. In pathological states it is found in the cytoplasm. Diffuse inclusions =Skein-Like -->ALS
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| Parkinson's | Lewy Bodies (alpha-synuclein inclusions in substancia nigra, locus cereleus, hypothalamus, and dorsal nucleus of vagus)
TDP-43 pathology
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| Lewy Bodies | Parkinson unless it is also found in the cortex: in that case it is DIFFUSE LEWY body dsx.
Lewy bodies (in cortex) + neurofibrillary tangles --> alzheimers
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| Florid Inclusions | Inclusions seen in HIV positive patients with opportunistic CMV infections
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| EMG with spontaneous activity (fibrillation potential) and a “myopathic” pattern induced by voluntary muscle activity | Polymyositis (may be also inclusion body myositis?)
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| myopathy differential | (+) auto-antibodies- (EG ANA)
1)Dermatomyositis--if papular rash on face or joints on hand
2)Polymyositis--
3)No Ab-- Inclusion body myositis
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| Todd's paralysis/paresis | focal weakness in a part of the body after a seizure
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| Fried Egg appearance | this pathological finding is common in oligodendrogliomas due to cytoplasmic swelling
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| Perivascular pseudorosettes may describe _____ | pathological finding in ependymoma
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| Negri Bodies are | eosinophilic inclusions present in cerebellum of patients infected with rabies
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| what type of cancer would you be looking at if you saw "whorls," Psammoma bodies/Calcification? | meningioma
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| Chronic Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy | chronic GBS. Associated with certain HLAs and not a antecedent viral illness. Onion bulb changes are commonly found
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| Which inflammatory myopathy does not respond to glucocorticoids? | Inclusion body myositis...this is the disease within this class that is more common in males and is unresponsive to glucocorticoids
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| Spinal muscular atrophy is due to mutations in what gene? | SMN-(survival motor neuron gene)
This gene is needed in most cells, but leads to selective degeneration of lower motor neurons.
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| Which subtypes of SMA are consistent with normal life span | Type 2 and 3; type 1 usually causes leads to death by the age of 2.
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| ALS pathology | motor neurons dsx (SOD1) mutation is needed for onset
--astrocytes and inflammatory cells secrete toxic substances (pathological) and are responsible for progression
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| Leigh's (subacute necrotizing encepalopathy) | a mitochondrial abnormality
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| Alzheimer's type II Astrocytes | (not Alzheimer's disease). A pathological finding associated with hepatic disease and Wilson's dsx.
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| Wilson's disease | an AR inherited mutation in copper-transporting ATPase. Onset is usually in the 2nd decade of life. You can find copper in their urine and treat this with chelating agents
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| Kernicterus | Due to high levels of circulating bilirubin. Typically in babies who lack a fully conjugating system. Will see yellowing of brain
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| What are some bedside signs of frontal lesions | The inability to suppress primitive reflexes (grasp, suck, and root reflex). Inability to have an antisaccade
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| Describe the behaviors you might see in ANOSOGNOSIA. | The patient who has a parietal lesion(s) will not recognize their contralateral limb
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| Rolandic (Central mid-temporal spikes)are present | in benign focal epilepsy of childhood
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| Ganglioglioma | Is most common in children and is associated with seizures. On imaging you see cystic enhancing mural nodules in temporal lobe. Usually recur due to glial component
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| LOH of 1q and 19q vs no LOH | patients with a deletion are much more likely to survive 10-15 and benefit from surgery. Tumors with loss of heterozygosity are responsive to treatment to chemo
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| Medulloblastoma | is a tumor of the CNS mainly seen in children. they present with ataxia and increased ICP. They are malignant, rapidly growing and undifferentiated (in cerebellum)
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| The treatment of medulloblastoma | is chemotherapy. Though this is a highly malignant tumor it is very sensitive to radiation. Side: high levels of radiation will cause permanent deficits in the kids.
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| Schwannomas and meningiomas | are both typically cured with surgery. Meningiomas become malignant and invade (will show psamomma bodies and whorls).
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