DAT Kaplan OChem
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| alkanes are the simplest organic molecules consisting of only ___ and ___ atoms held together by single bonds | carbon and hydrogen
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| in IUPAC, common should be placed between __ | numbers
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| in IUPAC, dashes should be placed between | words
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| alkanes can form rings. they are names to the number of carbon atoms in the rings with the prefix ____ | cyclo
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| alkenes uses the prefix ___- | -ene
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| in alkenes, to identify the carbon backbone, the longest chain that contains the ____ bond. count from the lowest number to reach the double bond. | double
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| alkenes vs alkanes. the difference between them is that alkenes contains a ____ bond | double
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| vinyl derivatives are ____ ethylenes (ethenyl) | monosubsituted
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| allyl derivatives are ____ substituted at the C3 position | propylenes
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| Methylene refers to the ___ group | CH2
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| cycloalkenes are named like cycloalkanes but the suffix ____ rather than ____ | ene, anes
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| if there is only ___ double bond and no other substituents a number is not necessary. | 1
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| alkynes are compounds that posses carbon carbon ___ bonds | 3x
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| common name for ethyne is | acetylene
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| halogen substituent are name so that the appendages are numbered and alphabetizes as ___ groups | alkyl
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| haloalkane can be named | alkyl halide
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| molecules with two hydroxyl groups are called | diols
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| esthers are named with the prefix | alkoxy
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| esthers contain ___ | oxygen
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| three membered rings in ethers are known as | oxiranes/epoxides
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| aldehydes are named accoridng to the longest chain containing aldehyde functional groups with the prefix | al
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| ketones ends with prefix | -one
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| carbocylic acids end with | oic and acid
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| amines end in prefix | amine
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| carboxylic acid | C=OOH
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| Ester | C=OOC
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| Acylc Halid | C=OX
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| Nitrile/Cyandile | C-Triple bond-N
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| Aldehyde | C=O-H
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| Ketone | C=O-C
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| cis means on the ___ side | same
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| trans means on the ___ side | opposite
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| the alkene called Z is when the two ___ priority substituents on each carbon lie on the same side of the double bond. | high
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| higher the atomic number, the higher the ____ | prority
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| If the two highest alkenes priority of then it will be known as ___. they lie on the opposite side of the double bond. | E
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| when an object is not superimposable upon its mirror image it is known as a ___ | chiral center, like ur right and left hand putting in a glove. they are the same thing but different.
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| Achiral means when objects are mirror images that can be ___. | superimposed. means they are identical. like AA
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| chiral objects that are nonsuperimposable mirror images are known as | enantiomers
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| if the asymmetric atom is clockwise it is known as | R
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| if the asymmetric atom is counterclick it is known as | S
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| horizonta lines come ___ of the page | out
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| enantiomers has identical chemical and physical properties with one exception of ___ | optimal activity
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| if plane polarized light is passed through an optically active compound, the orientation of the plane is rotated by an angle __- | alpha
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| a compound that rotates the pane of the polarized light to the right or clockwise is _____ and indicated (+) | dextrorotatory
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| a compound that rotates to plane of the polarized light to the left or counterclockwise is ____ and indicated by (-) | levoratory
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| Specific rotation [alpha] = EQUATION | observered roration (alpha)/concentration (g/ml) x length (dm)
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| racemix mixture is a mixture of equal concentrations of both ___ and ___ enantimoers | + and -
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| Diastereomers are for any molecules with __ chiral centers | n
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| Mirror images of each other are called | enantiomers
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| stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other are caleld | diastereomers
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| Meso compounds are if a plane of symmetry exists which makes the molecule ___ optically active | not
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| L-tartaric and D-tartaric acids ____ optically active | are
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| L-tartaric acid is when the ___ is on top of the the __- | H; OH
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| D-Tartaric acid is when the ___ is on top of the ___ | OH; H
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| Conformational isomers are compounds that___ only by rotation about one or more single bonds | differ
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| The most stable conformation is when the two methyl groups (C1 and C4) are oriented ___ degrees from each other | 180
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| 180 degrees confirmation with no overlap of atoms is known as the ___ confirmation | staggered; anti-conformation
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| gauche is when the two methyl groups are ___ degrees a part | 60
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| eclipse confirmation in which two methyl groups are ___ apart and overlap with the H atoms | 120
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| When the two methyl groups are overlapping each other its called a ___ | total eclipse and its in its higher energy state
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| strain energies: angle strain results when bond angles deviate from their ___ values | ideal
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| strain energies: ____ strain results when cyclic molecules must assume conformation that have eclipsed interactions | torsional strain
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| nonbonded strains result when atoms or groups compete for the ___ space | same
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| equatorial position is favored over the ___ position | axial because of the steric repulsion
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| Boat cyclohexane, chair cyclohexane and twist boat confirmation. rank the most stable to least. | chair, boat, twist
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| structural isomers are compounds that share the same ____ | molecular formula
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| chiral means that at least one of its carbon must be ___ to four substituents | attached
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| achrial means when the carbon are attached to | two or more identical groups
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| the relative confirmation of a chiral molecule is its confirmation in relation to ___ chiral molecule | another
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| the absolute configuration of a chiral molecule describes the ___ arrangement of these atoms or groups | spatial
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| if a lower energy bonding orbital is produced, then the signs of the wave functions are the ___ | same
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| if a higher energy orbital is produced, the signs are __ | different
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| shorter single bonds are ____ than longer single bonds | stronger
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| single bond order is a ____ bond | sigma
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| single bond order has an angle of ___ and hybridization of ___ | 180; sp
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| Double bond order has a ____ and ___ bond | 1 sigma and 1 pi
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| double bond order has a hybridization of ___ | sp2
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| double bond order has an angle of __ | 120
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| triple bond order has an angle of __- | 109.5
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| triple bond order has ___ and ___ bond | 2 pi and 1 sigma
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| triple bond order has a hybridization of __- | sp3
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| in alkanes, as the molecular weight increases and chain length increases then | increase in MP BP and Density
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| in alkanes, increase in branching causes a | decrease in MP BP and Density
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| initations have two dats on t he | right
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| propagation has dots | equal on the right and left
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| termination has two dots on the | left
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| prolysis occurs when a molecule is broken down by | heat
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| if the nucleophiles have the same attacking atom then the nucleophilicity is roughly correlated to ___ | basicity. stronger the base, stronger the nucleophile.
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| best leaving groups in halogens start from the | bottom (strongest) to the top (weakest)
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| best nucleophilic strengths are from the | top to the bottom
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| for SN1 reactions, structural factors: highly substituted alkkyl halids allow for distribution of the positive charge over a greater number of carbon atoms, TF | True
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| IN SN1 rxn, solvent effects are where ___ polar solvents are better at surrounding and isolating ions that are less polar solvents. polar protic solvents such as water work best since solvation stabilizes intermediate state | Higher
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| Nature of leaving group: ___ bases dissociate more easily from alkyl chain and thus make better leaving groups, increasing rate of carbocation formation | base
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| SN1: the rate is ___ dependent on the concentration or the nature of the nucleophile | not
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