DAT Kaplan OChem

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alkanes are the simplest organic molecules consisting of only ___ and ___ atoms held together by single bonds

carbon and hydrogen

in IUPAC, common should be placed between __

numbers

in IUPAC, dashes should be placed between

words

alkanes can form rings. they are names to the number of carbon atoms in the rings with the prefix ____

cyclo

alkenes uses the prefix ___-

-ene

in alkenes, to identify the carbon backbone, the longest chain that contains the ____ bond. count from the lowest number to reach the double bond.

double

alkenes vs alkanes. the difference between them is that alkenes contains a ____ bond

double

vinyl derivatives are ____ ethylenes (ethenyl)

monosubsituted

allyl derivatives are ____ substituted at the C3 position

propylenes

Methylene refers to the ___ group

CH2

cycloalkenes are named like cycloalkanes but the suffix ____ rather than ____

ene, anes

if there is only ___ double bond and no other substituents a number is not necessary.

alkynes are compounds that posses carbon carbon ___ bonds

common name for ethyne is

acetylene

halogen substituent are name so that the appendages are numbered and alphabetizes as ___ groups

alkyl

haloalkane can be named

alkyl halide

molecules with two hydroxyl groups are called

diols

esthers are named with the prefix

alkoxy

esthers contain ___

oxygen

three membered rings in ethers are known as

oxiranes/epoxides

aldehydes are named accoridng to the longest chain containing aldehyde functional groups with the prefix

ketones ends with prefix

-one

carbocylic acids end with

oic and acid

amines end in prefix

amine

carboxylic acid

C=OOH

Ester

C=OOC

Acylc Halid

C=OX

Nitrile/Cyandile

C-Triple bond-N

Aldehyde

C=O-H

Ketone

C=O-C

cis means on the ___ side

same

trans means on the ___ side

opposite

the alkene called Z is when the two ___ priority substituents on each carbon lie on the same side of the double bond.

high

higher the atomic number, the higher the ____

prority

If the two highest alkenes priority of then it will be known as ___. they lie on the opposite side of the double bond.

when an object is not superimposable upon its mirror image it is known as a ___

chiral center, like ur right and left hand putting in a glove. they are the same thing but different.

Achiral means when objects are mirror images that can be ___.

superimposed. means they are identical. like AA

chiral objects that are nonsuperimposable mirror images are known as

enantiomers

if the asymmetric atom is clockwise it is known as

if the asymmetric atom is counterclick it is known as

horizonta lines come ___ of the page

out

enantiomers has identical chemical and physical properties with one exception of ___

optimal activity

if plane polarized light is passed through an optically active compound, the orientation of the plane is rotated by an angle __-

alpha

a compound that rotates the pane of the polarized light to the right or clockwise is _____ and indicated (+)

dextrorotatory

a compound that rotates to plane of the polarized light to the left or counterclockwise is ____ and indicated by (-)

levoratory

Specific rotation [alpha] = EQUATION

observered roration (alpha)/concentration (g/ml) x length (dm)

racemix mixture is a mixture of equal concentrations of both ___ and ___ enantimoers

+ and -

Diastereomers are for any molecules with __ chiral centers

Mirror images of each other are called

enantiomers

stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other are caleld

diastereomers

Meso compounds are if a plane of symmetry exists which makes the molecule ___ optically active

not

L-tartaric and D-tartaric acids ____ optically active

are

L-tartaric acid is when the ___ is on top of the the __-

H; OH

D-Tartaric acid is when the ___ is on top of the ___

OH; H

Conformational isomers are compounds that___ only by rotation about one or more single bonds

differ

The most stable conformation is when the two methyl groups (C1 and C4) are oriented ___ degrees from each other

180

180 degrees confirmation with no overlap of atoms is known as the ___ confirmation

staggered; anti-conformation

gauche is when the two methyl groups are ___ degrees a part

eclipse confirmation in which two methyl groups are ___ apart and overlap with the H atoms

120

When the two methyl groups are overlapping each other its called a ___

total eclipse and its in its higher energy state

strain energies: angle strain results when bond angles deviate from their ___ values

ideal

strain energies: ____ strain results when cyclic molecules must assume conformation that have eclipsed interactions

torsional strain

nonbonded strains result when atoms or groups compete for the ___ space

same

equatorial position is favored over the ___ position

axial because of the steric repulsion

Boat cyclohexane, chair cyclohexane and twist boat confirmation. rank the most stable to least.

chair, boat, twist

structural isomers are compounds that share the same ____

molecular formula

chiral means that at least one of its carbon must be ___ to four substituents

attached

achrial means when the carbon are attached to

two or more identical groups

the relative confirmation of a chiral molecule is its confirmation in relation to ___ chiral molecule

another

the absolute configuration of a chiral molecule describes the ___ arrangement of these atoms or groups

spatial

if a lower energy bonding orbital is produced, then the signs of the wave functions are the ___

same

if a higher energy orbital is produced, the signs are __

different

shorter single bonds are ____ than longer single bonds

stronger

single bond order is a ____ bond

sigma

single bond order has an angle of ___ and hybridization of ___

180; sp

Double bond order has a ____ and ___ bond

1 sigma and 1 pi

double bond order has a hybridization of ___

sp2

double bond order has an angle of __

120

triple bond order has an angle of __-

109.5

triple bond order has ___ and ___ bond

2 pi and 1 sigma

triple bond order has a hybridization of __-

sp3

in alkanes, as the molecular weight increases and chain length increases then

increase in MP BP and Density

in alkanes, increase in branching causes a

decrease in MP BP and Density

initations have two dats on t he

right

propagation has dots

equal on the right and left

termination has two dots on the

left

prolysis occurs when a molecule is broken down by

heat

if the nucleophiles have the same attacking atom then the nucleophilicity is roughly correlated to ___

basicity. stronger the base, stronger the nucleophile.

best leaving groups in halogens start from the

bottom (strongest) to the top (weakest)

best nucleophilic strengths are from the

top to the bottom

for SN1 reactions, structural factors: highly substituted alkkyl halids allow for distribution of the positive charge over a greater number of carbon atoms, TF

True

IN SN1 rxn, solvent effects are where ___ polar solvents are better at surrounding and isolating ions that are less polar solvents. polar protic solvents such as water work best since solvation stabilizes intermediate state

Higher

Nature of leaving group: ___ bases dissociate more easily from alkyl chain and thus make better leaving groups, increasing rate of carbocation formation

base

SN1: the rate is ___ dependent on the concentration or the nature of the nucleophile

not

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Created by: Andrewvo on 2010-09-07