Unit One Vocabulary
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| Axial | Relating to head, neck, and trunk
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| Appendicular | Relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis
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| Abdominal | Pertaining to anterior body truck region inferior to the ribs
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| Acromial | Pertaining to the point of the shoulder
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| Antebrachial | Pertaining to the forearm
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| Antecubital | pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow
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| Brachial | Pertaining to the arm
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| Buccal | Pertaining to the cheek
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| Calcaneal | Pertaining to the heel of the foot
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| Carpal | Pertaining to the wrist
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| Cephalic | Pertaining to the head
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| Cervical | Pertaining to the neck region
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| Coxal | Pertaining to the hip
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| Crural | Pertaining to the leg
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| Digital | Pertaining to the fingers and toes
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| Dorsum | Pertaining to the back
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| Femoral | Pertaining to the thigh
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| Fibular/peroneal | Pertaining to the side of the leg
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| Frontal | Pertaining to the forehead
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| Gluteal | Pertaining to the buttocks or rump
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| Hallax | Pertaining to the great toe
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| Inguinal | Pertaining to the groin
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| Lumbar | Pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin
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| Mammory | Pertaining to the breast
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| Manus | Pertaining to the hand
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| Mental | Pertaining to the chin
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| Nasal | Pertaining to the nose
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| Occipital | Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull
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| Olecranal | Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow
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| Oral | Pertaining to the mouth
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| Orbital | Pertaining to the bony eye socket
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| Otic | Pertaining to the ear
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| Metacarpal | Pertaining to the palm of the hand
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| Patellar | Pertaining to the anterior knee region (knee cap)
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| Pedal | Pertaining to the foot
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| Pelvic | Pertaining to the pelvis region
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| Perineal | Pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia
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| Plantar | Pertaining to the sole of the foot
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| Pollex | Pertaining to the thumb
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| Popliteal | Pertaining to the back of the knee
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| Pubic | Pertaining to the genital region
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| Sacral | Pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum)
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| Scapular | Pertaining to the shoulder blade area
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| Sternal | Pertaining to the region of the breastbone
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| Sural | Pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg
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| Tarsal | Pertaining to the ankle
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| Thoracic | Pertaining to the chest
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| Umbilical | Pertaining to the navel
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| Vertebral | Pertaining to the area of the spinal column
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| Superior | Above another structure
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| Inferior | Below another structure
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| Anterior | Toward the front of the body
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| Posterior | Toward the back of the body
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| Ipsilateral | Same side of the body
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| Contralateral | Opposite side of the body
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| Medial | Toward the midline of the body
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| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body
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| Cephalad/Crainial | Toward the head (top)
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| Caudal | Toward the tail (bottom)
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| Dorsal | Backside
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| Ventral | Bellyside
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| Proximal | Nearer the trunk or attached end
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| Distal | Farther from the trunk or point of attachment
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| Superficial | Toward or at the body surface, external
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| Deep | Away from the body surface, internal
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| Frontal Plane | Plane that divides the body into front and back
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| Sagittal Plane | Plane that divides the body into right and left
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| Parasagittal Plane | Plane that is near the median plane
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| Transverse Plane | Plane that divides the body into top and bottom
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| Parietal Serosa | Outerwall surrounding a cavity
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| Visceral Serosa | Lining surrounding an organ
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| Mucous Membranes | Open to body’s outside
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| Serous Membranes | Do not open to body’s outside
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| Axillary | Pertaining to the armpit
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| Cranial Cavity | Contains the brain
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| Vertebral Cavity | Contains the spinal cord
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| Dorsal Body Cavity | Contains the cranial and vertebral cavities
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| Thoracic Cavity | Contains heart and lungs
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| Abdominal Cavity | Contains stomach, intestines, liver, etc
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| Pelvic Cavity | Contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
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| Ventral Body Cavity | Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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| Umbilical Region | The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus
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| Epigastric Region | Region immediately superior to the umbilical region
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| Hypogastric Region | Region immediately interior to the umbilical region
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| Iliac Regions | Regions lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones
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| Lumbar Regions | Regions between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region
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| Hypochondriac Regions | Regions lateral to the epigastric region and overlying the lower ribs
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| Oral Cavity | Contains mouth, tongue, and teeth
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| Nasal Cavity | Cavity within the posterior of the nose
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| Synoval Cavities | Cavities that surround the freely movable joints of the body
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| Integumentary | Epidermal and dermal regions
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| Integumentary | Protects deeper organs from mechanical, chemical, and bacterial injury, and desiccation (drying out)
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| Integumentary | Excretes salts and urea
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| Integumentary | Aids in regulation of body temperature
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| Integumentary | Produces vitamin D
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| Skeletal | Bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints
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| Skeletal | Body support and protection of internal organs
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| Skeletal | Provides levers for muscular action
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| Skeletal | Cavities provide a site for blood cell formation
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| Muscular | Muscles attached to the skeleton
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| Muscular | Primary function is to contract or shorten; in doing so skeletal muscles allow locomotion, grasping and manipulation of the environment and facial expression
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| Muscular | Generates heat
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| Nervous | Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
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| Nervous | Allows body to detect changes in its internal and external environment and to respond to such information by activating appropriate muscles or glands
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| Nervous | Helps maintain homeostatis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals
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| Endocrine | Pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands; ovaries, testes, and pancreas
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| Endocrine | Helps maintain body homeostasis, promotes growth and development; produces chemical “messengers” (hormones) that travel in the blood to exert their effect(s) on various “target organs” of the body
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| Cardiovascular | Heart, blood vessels, and blood
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| Cardiovascular | Primarily a transport system that carries blood containing oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ions, hormones, and other substances to and from the tissue cells where exchanges are made
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| Cardiovascular | Antibodies and other protein molecules in the blood act to protect the body
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| Lymphatic/Immunity | Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and scattered collections of lymphoid tissue
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| Lymphatic/Immunity | Picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood
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| Lymphatic/Immunity | Cleanes blood of pathogens and other debris
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| Lymphatic/Immunity | Houses lymphocytes that act via the immune response to protect the body from foreign substances (antigens)
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| Respiratory | Keeps the blood continuously supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide
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| Respiratory | Contributes to the acid-base balance of the blood via its carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
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| Digestive | Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory structures (teeth, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas)
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| Digestive | Breaks down ingested foods to minute particles, which can be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the body cells
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| Digestive | Undigested residue removed from the body as feces
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| Urinary | Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
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| Urinary | Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes (urea, uric acid, and ammonia), which result from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids by body cells
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| Urinary | Maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of blood
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| Male Reproductive | testes, prostate gland, scrotum, penis, and duct system, which carries sperm to the body exterior
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| Male Reproductive | Provides germ cells (sperm) for perpetuation of the species
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| Female Reproductive | Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina
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| Female Reproductive | Provides germ cells (eggs); the female uterus houses the developing fetus until birth; mammary glands provide nutrition for the infant
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| Thymus | An irregular mass of glandular tissue overlying the heart.
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| Heart | Medial oval structure enclosed within the pericardium (serous membrane sac).
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| Lungs | Organs flanking the heart laterally
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| Trachea | Tube running medially down the throat; part of the respiratory system
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| Bronchi | Two passageways that plunge laterally into the tissue of the two lungs
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| Esophagus | A food chute; the part of the digestive system that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach
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| Diaphram | A thin muscle attached to the inferior boundary of the rib cage; separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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| Stomach | A curved organ important in food digestion and temporary food storage
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| Small intestine | Connected to the stomach and ending just before the sac like cecum
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| Large intestine | A large muscular tube connected to the small intestine and ending at the anus
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| Cecum | The initial portion of the large intestine
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| Rectum | Terminal part of the large intestine; continuous with the anal canal
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| Anus | The opening of the digestive tract (through the anal canal) to the exterior
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| Mesentery | An apronlike serous membrane; suspends many of the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity
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| Pancreas | A diffuse gland; rests dorsal to and in the mesentery between the first portion of the small intestine and the stomach
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| Spleen | A dark red organ curving around the left lateral side of the stomach; considered part of the lymphatic system and often called the red blood cell graveyard
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| Liver | Large and brownish red; the most superior organ in the abdominal cavity, directly beneath the diaphragm
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| Kidneys | Bean-shaped organs; retroperitoneal
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| Adrenal glands | Large endocrine glands that sit astride the superior margin of each kidney; considered part of the endocrine system
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| Ureter | Tube running from the indented region of a kidney to the urinary bladder
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| Urinary bladder | The sac that serves as a reservoir for urine
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| Inferior vena cava | The large vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower regions of the body
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| Descending aorta | Deep to the inferior vena cava; the largest artery of the body; carries blood away from the heart down the midline of the body
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| Anatomy | Study of the structure of living organisms.
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| Physiology | Study of the function of living organisms.
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| Metabolism | Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells.
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| Catabolism | Process in which living cells breakdown substances in to simpler substances.
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| Anabolism | Energy-requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances.
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| Cell organelles | Small cellular structures that perform specific metabolic functions for the cell as a whole.
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| Cell | Structural unit of all living organisms.
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| Tissues | A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific function; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
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| Organs | A part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specific function.
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| Organ systems | A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function.
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| Organism | The living animal or plant, which represents the sum total of all its organ systems working together to maintain life.
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| Superior | Above another structure
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| Inferior | Below another structure
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| Anterior | Toward the front of the body
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| Posterior | Toward the back of the body
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| Medial | Toward the midline of the body
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| Lateral | Away from the midline of the body
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| Intermediate | Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
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| Ipsilateral | Same side of the body
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| Contralateral | Opposite side of the body
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| Proximal | Nearer the trunk or attached end
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| Distal | Farther from the trunk or point of attachment
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| Superficial | Toward or at the body surface, external
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| Deep | Away from the body surface, internal
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| Parietal | Outerwall
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| Visceral | Internal
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| Sagital | Plane that divides the body into right and left
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| Midsagittal | Exact midline of the body
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| Parasagittal | Offset from the midline of the body
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| Anatomical position | The standard body position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body.
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| Frontal | Pertaining to the forehead
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| Coronal | Frontal Plane, divides body into anterior and posterior.
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| Horizontal plane | Transverse Plane, cross-section of body, divides body into superior and interior.
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| transverse plane | Plane that divides the body into top and bottom
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| cephalic | Pertaining to the head
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| cervical | Pertaining to the neck region
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| acromial | Pertaining to the point of the shoulder
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| olecranal | Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow
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| dorsal | Backside
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| ventral | Bellyside
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| popliteal | Pertaining to the back of the knee
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| sural | Pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg
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| plantar | Pertaining to the sole of the foot
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| calcaneal | Pertaining to the heel of the foot
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| cranial | Toward the head (top)
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| orbital | Pertaining to the bony eye socket
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| otic | Pertaining to the ear
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| buccal | Pertaining to the cheek
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| nasal | Pertaining to the nose
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| oral | Pertaining to the mouth
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| mental | Pertaining to the chin
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| axillary | Pertaining to the armpit
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| brachial | Pertaining to the arm
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| antecubital | Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow
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| antebrachial | Pertaining to the forearm
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| carpal | Pertaining to the wrist
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| metacarpal | Pertaining to the palm of the hand
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| pollex | Pertaining to the thumb
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| digital | Pertaining to the fingers and toes
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| femoral | Pertaining to the thigh
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| patellar | Pertaining to the anterior knee region (knee cap)
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| crural | Pertaining to the leg
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| tarsal | Pertaining to the ankle
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| hallux | Pertaining to the great toe
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| dorsal body cavity | Contains the cranial and vertebral cavities
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| ventral body cavity | Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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| pleural cavities | Contains the lungs
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| mediastinum | The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heatr, great vessels, and trachea.
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| hypochondriac | Regions lateral to the epigastric region and overlying the lower ribs
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| epigastric | Region immediately superior to the umbilical region
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| lumbar/loin | Regions between the ribs and the flaring portions of the hip bones; lateral to the umbilical region
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| umbilical | The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus
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| iliac | Regions lateral to the hypogastric region and overlying the superior parts of the hip bones
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| inguinal | Pertaining to the groin
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| hypogastric | Region immediately interior to the umbilical region
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| homeostasis | A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body
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| negative feedback | The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
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| positive feedback | Causes the level of variable to change in the same direction as an initial change.
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| receptors | Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information to the second component.
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| effectors | Provides the means for the control center’s response to the stimulus.
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| internal receptors | Receptors which are sensitive to changes and stimuli within the body’s internal environment
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| external receptors | Receptors which are sensitive to changes and stimuli within the body’s external environment
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| steady state | Homeostatic balance
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