marveen craig, 2nd edition esentials of sonography& patient care
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on it to display the answer.
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| gray scale | display mode in which echo intensity is recorded as shades of gray or brightness
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| anechoic | well defined echogenic walls without internal echoes, echo-free(black) appearance on a sonographic image.
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| hyperechoic | this reflects sound with a bright intensity. term used to described echo-producing structure that are brighter than normal or brighter compared to adjacent structures
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| enhancement or increased through transmission | sound that travels through a fluid-filled substance and is not attenuated (diminished)
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| fluid-level | interface between two fluids with different acoustic characteristics. this level will change with patient position
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| echogenic | capable of producing an echo
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| heterogeneous | refers to an uneven echo pattern or reflections of varying echodensities, not uniform in texture or composition
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| homogeneoeus | completely uniform in texture or composition
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| hypoechoic | term used to describe low-level echoes that are not as bright as normal echoes within a structure or less bright then adjacent structures
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| infiltrating | usually refers to a diffuse disease process or metastatic disease
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| irregular borders | borders are not well defined, ill defined, or not present
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| isoechoic | term used to describe structures with the same relative echo density, very close to the normal parenchyma echogenicity pattern
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| loculated mass | well-defined borders with internal echoes; the septa may be thin (likely benign) or thick(malignant)
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| acoustic impedance | density of tissue times the speed of sound in tissues
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| amplitude | strength of the wave measured in decibels
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| attenuation | progressive weakening of the sound beam as it travels through body tissue, cause by scatter, absorption, and reflection
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| crystal | material within the transducer that converts electrical impulses into sound waves and vice versa
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| cycle | per-second frequency at which the crystal vibrates
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| decibel | a unit used to express the ratio of two amounts of acoustical signal power equal to 10 times the commom logarithm of ratio
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| focal zone | depth of the sound beam where resolution is highest
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| frequency | number of times the wave is repeated per second as measured in hertz; diagnostic applications of ultrasound use frequencies of 1-10 MHz
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| hertz | standard unit of frequency; equal to 1 cycle per second
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| interface | occurs whenever two tissues of different acoustic impedance are in contact
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| megahertz(MHz) | 1,000,000 Hz
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| piezoelectric effect | effect caused by crystals changing shape when in an electrical field or when mechanically stressed, so that an electrical impulse can generate a sound wave or vice versa
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| power | quantity of energy generated by the transducer (expressed in watts)
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| pulse repetition rate | the number of times per second that a transmit-receive cycle occurs (use scale button to change)
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| resolution | ability to distinguish between two adjacent structures
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| specular reflector | reflection from a smooth surface at right angles to the sound beam
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| transducer | a device capable of converting energy from one form to another;in sonography, from electrical energy to mechanical energy * electrical energy goes into area of interst
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| ultrasound | sound waves beyond the audible range;used to evaluate soft-tissue anatomic structures. *audible=20-20,000 hertz *ultrasound=above 20,000 hertz *subsonic=below 20 hertz
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| velocity | speed of the wave, depending on tissue density
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| wavelength | distance a wave travels in a single cycle
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| acoustic power | varies the amount of energy the transducer transmits to the patient
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| cineloop | system memory stores a limited number of images as a sequence to be replayed
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| electronic focusing | each crystal elements within a group is pulsed separately to focus the beam at a particular area of interest
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| frame rate | rate at which the image is refreshed in a real-time system display; dependent on frequency and depth
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| gain | measure of the strength of the ultrasound signal throughout the image
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| real-time | type of imaging in which the image is created so many times per second that a cinematic view of the tissue is obtained
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| time gain compensation(TGC) | individual pod controls that compensate for attenuation of the sound beam as it passes through tissue
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