TEST 1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| This begins with conception and continues through pregnancy | GESTATION
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| Fertilization is the union of the egg and the sperm to form what? | ZYGOTE
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| After fertilization, a rapid series of cell divisions happen, separating into these two things: | TROPHOBLAST AND EMBRYOBLAST
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| Trophoblast | During cell divisions-this is the outer layer giving rise to the placenta
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| Embryoblast | During cell divisions-this is the inner core giving rise to the embryo
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| When/where does fertilization take place, and the formation of the trophoblast and embryoblast | While traveling down the fallopian tube toward the uterus
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| What determines the sex of the baby? | Whether the spermatazoon that penetrates the ovum carries an X factor (female) or a Y factor (male)
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| When does implantation of the zygote into the endometrium of the uterus occur? | between 6 to 10 days after conception
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| What is the union of the egg and the sperm called? | Zygote
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| What is the uterine endometrium called after implantion of the zygote? | Decidua
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| Fingerlike projections that develop out of the trophoblast and extend into the maternal blood vessels of the decidua | Chorionic villi
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| what is the developing placenta called? | trophoblast
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| what do the chorionic villi do? | This is where oxygen and nutrients are obtained and carbon dioxide and waste products are disposed
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| Intrauterine development encompasses three stages: | ovum or preeembryonic, embryo, and fetus
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| When does the ovum stage happen? | conception to day 14
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| What happens during the ovum stage? | cellular replication (morula), blastocyst formation, and the differentiation into three primary germ layers of cells from which all fetal tissues and organs will originate
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| what are the three primary germ layers of cells | endoderm/entoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm
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| From what do all fetal tissues and organs originate? | the 3 primary germ layers of cells (enoderm/entoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)
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| When is the embryo stage? | Day 15 to 8 weeks
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| What is the most critical stage of pregnancy? | the embryo stage-day 15 to 8 weeks
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| When are all organs and external features developed? | during the embryo stage (day 15 to 8 weeks)
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| When is the embryo at its greatest risk from teratogens? | the embryo stage (day 15 to 8 weeks)
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| what are teratrogens? | harmful agents that cause fetal malformations
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| Endoderm/entoderm is what? | the inner-most layer of cells in the developing embryo, they give rise to the internal organs (intestines, epithelium of the resp. tract, and other organs).
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| Mesoderm is what? | middle layer of cells in the developing embryo that gives rise to the connective tissue, bone marrow, muscles, blood, lymph tissue, epithelial tissue, and bones and teeth.
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| What is Ectoderm? | The outer layer of cells in the developing embryo that gives rise to skin, nails, hair, glands, and central and peripheral nervous systems
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| When does the fetus become recognizable as a human? | the fetal stage
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| When is the fetal stage? | From 9 weeks until the end of pregnancy
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| At what stage is it possible for fetal viability? | 20 weeks (fetal weight of 500 g or more)
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| What is dependant of the fetus's extrauterine survival? | the oxygenation capabilities of the fetus's lungs and its CNS function
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| After 32 weeks a fetus... | has sufficient surfactant and alveoli are developed enough to provide a fetus with a good chance of survival
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| When does: fetal heart begin to beat, body is flexed, C-shaped with arm and leg buds present | 4 weeks
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| When are: all body organs formed, and first indication of musculoskeletal ossification | 8 weeks
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| When can the fetal heart rate be heard using a DOPPLER? | 8 to 12 weeks
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| When can the sex of the fetus be determined, blood is forming in marrow, and kidneys are able to secrete urine? | 12 weeks
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| When does: the face look human, meconium is present in the bowel, heart muscle is well-developed, sensory organs differentiated | 16 weeks
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| When does: primitive resp. movements begin, Heartbeat can be heard with a FETOSCOPE, quickening occurs, brain grossly formed, vernix caseosa and lanugo are present | 20 weeks
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| what is the protective, cheese-like coating on skin called? | vernix caseosa
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| what is the fine, downy hair on the fetus called? | lanugo
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| At what point is the: body lean, but well proportioned, Lecithin begins to appear in amniotic fluids, ability to hear | 24 weeks
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| What is Lecethin? | a "respiratory marker" that begins to appear in amniotic fluids (at 24 weeks)
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| When is: Brown fat present, eyes begin to open and close, weak suck reflex | 28 weeks
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| When is: subcut fat collecting, fetus has finger and toe nails, sense of taste is present, aware of sounds outside mother's body | 32 weeks
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| When is: skin pink, body rounded, lanugo on shoulders and upper body only, verix caseosa scant, fetus receives antibodies form mother | 38+ weeks
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| Why does the fetus have 4 specialized circulatory pathways? | These are specialized structures that shunt blood away from the lungs and liver.
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| What are the 4 specialized circulatory pathways called? | Ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, ductus venosus, placenta
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| This structure connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta allowing blood to bypass the lungs | DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
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| This structure is an intra-atrial opening that shunts blood from the right to the left atria of the heart | FORAMEN OVALE
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| This structure shunts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava allowing most of the blood to bypass the liver | DUCTUS VENOSUS
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| What acts for lungs for the fetus by diffusing maternal oxygen into the fetal blood, and diffuseing carbon dioxide from the fetal blood? | Plancenta
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| What produces the hormones needed to maintain pregnancy? | placenta
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| what performs the metabolic functions of respiration, nutrition, excretion, and storage? | plancenta
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| This maintains a constant body temp of the fetus | amniotic fluid
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| this is a source of oral fluid and repository for waste | amniotic fluid
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| this is a cushion for the fetus to prevent injury | amniotic fluid
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| this allows the fetal movement for MS development | amniotic fluid
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| this prevent the amnion form adhering to the fetus | amniotic fluid
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| the inner membrane of the placenta is called | the amnion
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| this prevents umbilical cord compression | amniotic fluid
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| how many arteries and veins are in the umbilical cord? | two umbilical arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away fromthe fetus tothe placenta and one umbilical vein that supplies the embryo with oxygen and nutrients from the placenta (maternal blood supply)
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| What is the thick substance that surrounds the umbilical cord called? | Wharton's jelly
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| what is the purpose of Wharton's jelly? | it acts as a physical buffer to prevent pressure on the vein and arteries in the cord from interfering with fetal circulation
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| what is amniocentesis used for? | to assess for genetic abnormalities or fetal lung maturity
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| What is the normal fetal HR? | 110 to 160 beats/min
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| When should fetal kicks be reported to the primary care provider? | less than 3 movements in 1 hour
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| What are congenital anomolies? | malformations of the fetus that are present at birth
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| the failure of the fetus to grow at the expected rate | "intrauterine growth restriction"
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| refers to ta fetus or neonate larger than normal for age | "macrosomic" (large for gestational age)
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| identical twinns or a monozygotic pregnancy: | result from fertilization of ONE ovum (one = identical)
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| one or two amniotic sacs with monozygotic twins? | either, one or two
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| the shunt that allows most of the blood that enters the right atrium to flow directly into the left atrium is referred to as? | Foramen Ovale
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| Teratogens, nongenetic risks to the fetus during the 1st trimester can be avoided by | avoiding radiation, alcohol, tobacco, drugs, viruses or bacteria
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| All major organ systems are present by the end of gestational week: | 8
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