Important Organic Chemistry reactions
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| What are two methods of making R-Hals? | 1.Alkene + H-Hal -------> R-Hal
2.R-OH + H-Hal -----------> R-Hal + H2O
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| How do you make Alkenes from R-Hals? | R-Hal + Na/KOH ---------> Alkenes + salt + H2O
Dissolved In ethanol at high temperatures with High conc of the Na/KOH 2ary or 3ary R-Hals are preferred.
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| How do you make Alcohols from R-Hals? | R-Hal + Na/KOH ---------> Alcohol + salt
Dissolved in water at low temperatures with low concentrations of Na/KOH. 1ary or 2ary R-Hal prefered.
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| How do you make amines from R-Hals? | R-Hal + NH3 --------> R-NH2?
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| How can you test for which Hal is on your R-Hal? | R-Hal + Ag+ -->
1.Agcl - Wht ppt(sol In NH3) Very Slow
2.AgBr - Pale Cream ppt(Semi-sol) Slow
3.AgI - Yellow ppt(insoluble) Fast
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| How can you manufacture Grignards Reagent? | R-Hal + Mg ------------> Grignards
Reagents: Magnisium metal with trace of iodine.
Usually requires cooling.
In the presence of ethoxyethane
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| How can you make pure Alkanes with Grignards reagent? | R-MgHal + H2O -----> R + Mg(OH)Hal
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| How can you produce a carbonyl From Grignards reagent? | R-MgHal + CO2 ------> RCOMgHal + H2O -> RCOOH
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| How can you produce Alcohols from Grignards Reagents? | R-MgHal
1.+ methanal -> R-OMgHal + HCl -> R-OH
2.+ ethanal -> 2ary R-OH
3.+ Ketone -> 3ary R-OH
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| How Is ethanol Produced Industrially? | Ethene + H20(g) ---> Ethanol (At 300 C, 60-70 atm and with a phosphurous (v) acid catalyst)
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| What are the conditions at which LDPE is produced? What are its uses? | T: 200 C, P 2000Atm O2 Impurity
Uses: for plastic bags
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| What are the conditions at which HDPE is produced? What are its uses? | T: 60 C P: A 2-5Atm Cat: Ziegler-Natta.
Uses: milk bottles, plastic pipes and so on.
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| What are the 3 orientations of PP and their uses? | Isotactic: Plastic Crates
Atactic: Sealents, Adhesives and Roofing felt
SyndioTactic: Medical tubing/bags ect.
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| PCE - uses and full name | Poly(chloroethane) Guttering, plastic windows, cable insulation, sheet meterials footwear, clothing ect.
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| PTFE - uses and full name | Poly(tetrafloroethane) - uses for wrapping foods and chemicals and have a non stick property used in the kitchen.
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| What are the manufacturing conditions of Epoxyethane? | T: 250 C P:15atm Catalyst: Ag
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| What are the Uses of Epoxyethane? | It is used to make long chain alcohols which can be used as: Anti-freeze materials, plasticizers non-ionic surfactants (detergants) and in the manufacture of polyesters.
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| How can you produce Carboxilic acids? | R-COMgHal + H2O ----> R-COOH + Mg(OH)Hal (under acidic conditions)
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| How can you produce Nitriles From R-Hals? | R-hal + KCN -> R-CN + KHal
Reagents: Potatsium Cyanide dissolved in aquous ethanol.
Conditions: heat under reflux.
Doesn't work with 3ary alkanes
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| How can you produce amines from R-Hals? | R-Hal + 2NH3 -> R-NH2 + NH4Hal
Reagents ammonia in ethanolic solution
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| What is the equation for Fischer esterification? | R-OH + R-COO ----> Ester
Catalyst: H2SO4
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| What are acid anhydrides? | Two carboxlyic acids joint by the same oxygen.
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| What is the Friedal-crafts reaction? | Electrophillic addition of aromatic rings.
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| E.N of the Halogen UP: Strength of the H-hal Bond? | Strength of the H-hal bond UP
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| Examples of nucloephiles | O:Water, Hydroxide, N:Azides Cyanide and Ammonia, Metal Halides,S: Sulfer Thiols.
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| Examples of electrophiles | H+, NO+, HCl, aklyl halides, acyl halides, Carbonyl compounds.
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| What is the Friedal-crafts reaction? | Electrophillic addition of aromatic rings.
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| E.N of the Halogen UP: Strength of the H-hal Bond? | Strength of the H-hal bond UP
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| Examples of nucloephiles | O:Water, Hydroxide, N:Azides Cyanide and Ammonia, Metal Halides,S: Sulfer Thiols.
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| Examples of electrophiles | H+, NO+, HCl, aklyl halides, acyl halides, Carbonyl compounds.
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