chapter 3
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| A virus consists of | Capsid ( protein coated head where nucleic acids are contained); lipid rich envelope( in some viruses)
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| Virus envelope is made from | either borrowed from host of made from host cytoplasm
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| A virus can contain in their Capsid either | DNA or RNA ( NEVER BOTH)
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| Virus gets energy from | ATP made by the host, THEY do NOT metabolize their own organic nutrients
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| mature virus outside of host cell | virion
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| Virus are NOT seperated by their external environment by | cell wall's or membranes like living organisms have
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| virus attach to ________ on host membrane cell | chemical receptor called a glycoprotein
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| Viruses that infect cells are engulfed via | endocytic process
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| Lytic cycle | virus injects its NA in to the host cell and takes over its reproductive machinery , making new viruses. Then it ruptures and all the new viruses are released into the host
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| Period from infection to lysis= | latent period
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| A virus following the lytic cycle= | virulent virus
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| In a lysogenic cycle= | the viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome ; or the viral RNA uses reverse transciptase to make viral DNA
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| virus in lysogenic cycle= | temperate virus
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| Dormant or Latent virus ( not virulent viral DNA in Host DNA) in a lysogenic cycle in a bacteria host | prophage, provirus
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| what activates a dormant or latent viral DNA | carcinogens or UV light
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| Unenveloped plus- strand RNA is responsible for | the common cold
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| NOT ALL animal viruses are | enveloped
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| ENveloped plus- strand RNA is responsible for | retrovirus (aids)
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| Minus strand RNA is responsible for | measles, rabies and the flu
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| Minus strand RNA is the complement to mRNA and must be transcribed to __________ before being translated | plus strand RNA
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| RNA viruses are ____ stranded | double
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| DNA viruses are ______ stranded | double and single
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| Viroids | small rings of naked RNA that ONLY infect plants
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| Prions | naked proteins that infect ANIMALS; and can reproduce with or without DNA or RNA
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| Vaccine | injection of antibodies OR injection of nonpathogenic virus with the same capsid or envelope
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| Bacteriophage (virus that infect bacteria) | tail, tail fibers, base plate
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| 2 Domains of prokaryotes: | Archae( salty lakes and boiling hot springs) & bacteria
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| Which domain of prokaryote has similiarities close to eukaryotes? | Archae
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| prokaryotes | DO not have a membrane bound nucleus
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| Which kingdom contains all prokaryotes? | Monera
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| Autotrouphs use _____ and Heterotrauphs use _____ as a carbon source | CO2; organic matter
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| Phototrauphs use _____ and CHemotrauphs use ____ as a energy source | light; oxidation of organic or inorganic matter
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| Nitrogen fixation | N2 is converted into ammonia
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| Nitrification | 2 step process that turns ammonia into nitrates
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| Difference btwn Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes= no nucleus ;; Eukaryotes= atleast one nucleus
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| Instead of a nucleus prokaryote have | circular double stranded DNA
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| nuceloid ( NOT enclosed in a membrane) in prokaryotes | contains RNA, DNA, proteins
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| rigid helix bacteria | spirilla
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| non- rigid helix bacteria | spirochetes
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| Prokaryotes have | simple organelles that are not membrane bound like...mesosome, nuceloid, ribosomes, special ETC, Plasma membrane, DOESNT have histones though
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| Prokaryotes have DNA or RNA? | RNA
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| How are Eu membranes diff than Pro membranes? | Prokaryotic membranes DO NOT contain steroids (cholesterol)
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| How are Eu membranes and Pro membranes similiar? | phospholipid membranes ( 1 phosphate+ glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acids) & glycolipids
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| When phopholipids aggregate they make a | micelle
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| the cytosol of nearly all prokaryotes has a phospholipid bilayer called a | plasma membrane
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| inner and outer layers of a membrane are called | leaflets
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| WHat holds the membrane together? | intermoleculat forces, so membrane is fluid and can move LATERALLY ONLY
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| Eukaryotic membrane has reduced fluididty because of | cholersterol ( hoponoids)
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| Brownian motion | molecules bumping into eachother in a membrane
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| semipermeable | slows down diffusion but DOES not stop it
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| polar of charged molecules pass through the membrane by | leakage channels (incidental proteins)
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| passive diffusion across a membrane depends on ? | lipid solubility ( are u non polar enough to slide through?) and size ( are you small enough to go through cracks inbetween integral proteins)
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| If ur big and polar and want to go through the membrane then do.. | facilliated diffusion ( helper protein to open up space for u to go through)
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| Active transport= | go against conc. grdient ( size and polarity dont matter here)
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| bacterial plasma membrane = surrounded by | bacterial envelope
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| Gram + bacteria | thick peptidoglycan cell walls; stain purple
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| Gram - bacteria | thin peptidoglycan cell wall; stain pink
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| most bacteria have a ____ cytosol | HYPERtonic ( inside(cytosol) has more particles than outside)
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| HYPOtonic | inside (cytosol) cell has less particles than outside
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| hydrostatic pressure= osmotic pressure | filling stops
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| Flagella | long, hollow, rigid, helical cylinders made from globular protein ( flagellin)
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| Bacteria DO or DO NOT do sexual reproduction ( meiosis/ mitosis) | DO NOT
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| Bacteria reproduce by asexually | conjugation, transduction, transformation / binary fission
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| F plasmid can be in the form of a | episome ( plasmid that gets integrated into the chromosome)
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| CONJUGATION | one bacteria has a plasmid (genes that code for sex pilus) , and F plasmid/factor
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| Transformation ( may occur in lab or lyses) | process by which bacteria incorporate DNA from their external environment into their genome
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| when a phage transfers bacterial DNA from one host to another | transduction
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| Endospores come from gram ____ bacteria, and can be dormant for years | positive
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| Example of transformation:: | one sensitive bacteria and one resistant bacteria are in a lab and through transformation the sensitive bacteria can get the resistant gene
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| rodshaped | bacillus
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| spherical | cocci
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| Plants and Fungi are divided into ___ and not phyla | divisions
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| 3 divisions of fungi | Ascomycota, Basidiomycota( mushroom), Zygomycota
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| oomycota (slime molds & water molds) | Are not true fungi and are in kingdom Protista
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| Fungi are | Eukaryotic heterotrophs ( get food from absorbtion and not ingestion)
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| Fungi are _____ | saprophytic
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| Fungi cell walls= | septa
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| septa is made from polysachairde= | chitin( more resistant to microbial attack than cellulose)
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| exoskeleton of arthropods are made from | chitin
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| arthropods are | insects and crustaceans
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| All fungi are multicellular except | yeast (unicellular)
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| fungi that possess no cell walls except in sexual structures | zygomycota
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| Fungal cells contain how many nuclei? | one or more
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| Fungi lack____ | centrioles
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| Mitosis in fungus takes place entirely in | nucleus and nuclear ENVELOPE never breaks down
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| In fungi's growth stage, the tangled mass is called | myecilium
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| myecelium has thread like branches called | hyphae (haplid)
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| fungi's predominate stage, especially during growth, is | haploid
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| asexual reproduction in fungi | hyphae's sporangium makes haploid spores; budding (cell fission) occurs, hyphae lengthens through mitosis
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| sexual reproduction | hyphae from to diff mycelium do congugation (+ and -); diploid state; meiosis occurs
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| fungi have both ____ and ___ characterisitics | plant like and animal like
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| yeast are faculative | anaerobes
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| Glucagon ____ BL glucose | raises
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| Insulin ____ BL glucose | lowers
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| Thyroxin _____ BMR | Increases
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| Cortisol ____ BL glucose | raises
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| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine _____ BL glucose | raise
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| cori cycle | in liver, converts lactate to glucose
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| _____makes the cell more permeable to glucose | Insulin
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| Extracellular buffer:: | HCO3- ~~~> H2CO3-2
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| Intracellular buffer:: | H2PO4- ~~~> HPO4-2
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| optically inactive AA = | glycine
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| Mendel's 2 laws:: | 1. Law of Independent Assortment and 2. Law of Segregation
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| allopathic | speciation due to geographical isolation
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