PharmacologyHSC1149
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| symbols used for medication orders | abbreviations
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| abbreviations are __ for accurate interpretation of a physician's order | essential
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| physician's orders may vary in the used of | capital vs. lowercase lettering
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| When in doubt, always __ the meaning. Never __! | question; guess
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| abbreviations should be written without | periods
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| before | a
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| before meals | ac
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| as desired | ad lib
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| AM, am | morning
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| amp | ampule
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| twice a day | bid
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| with | ċ
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| capsule | cap
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| chloride | Cl
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| centimeter | cm
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| discontinue | DC
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| double strength | DS
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| distilled water | DW
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| enteric coated | EC
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| elixir | elix
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| extended release | ER
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| iron | Fe
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| fluid | fl
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| grain | gr
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| gram | Gm, g
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| drop | gtt
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| hour | h, hr
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| intramuscular | IM
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| intravenous | IV
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| intravenous piggyback | IVPB
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| potassium | K
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| potassium chloride | KCl
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| kilogram | kg, Kilo
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| keep vein open | KVO
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| liter | L
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| long acting | LÀ
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| pound | lb
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| milliequivalent | mEq
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| microgram | mcg
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| milligram | mg
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| milliliter (equivalent to cc) | ml, mL
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| millimeter | mm
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| sodium | Na
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| sodium chloride | NaCl
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| nebulizer | NEB
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| nasogastric | NG
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| night | noc
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| nothing by mouth | NPO, npo
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| normal saline (sodium chloride, 0.9%) | NS, N/S
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| none | Ø
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| over the counter | OTC
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| ounce | oz
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| after | p
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| after meals | pc
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| patient controlled analgesic | PCA
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| afternoon | PM, pm
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| by mouth, orally | po, PO
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| whenever necessary | PRN, prn
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| pint, patient | pt
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| every hour | qh
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| every 2 hours | q2h
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| every 3 hours | q3h
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| every 4 hours | q4h
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| quantity not sufficient | QNS
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| quantity sufficient | qs
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| quart | qt
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| rectal | R
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| Ringer's lactate | RL, R/L
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| without | š
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| subcutaneous | SubQ, subq
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| sublingual | SL
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| solution | sol
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| sustained release | SR
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| immediately and once only | stat
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| suppository | supp
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| tablet | tab
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| tablespoon | tbsp, T, tbs
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| three times a day | tid
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| telephone order | TO
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| teaspoon | tsp, t
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| vaginal | vag
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| vitamin | Vit
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| verbal order | VO
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| monitors medication administration & identifies practices that have contributed to medication errors | Institute for Safe Medication Practice (ISMP)
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| list published by ISMP with problematic abbreviations | Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, & Dose Designations
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| minimum list of "dangerous" abbreviations that have been prohibited, effective 01/01/2004, approved by | Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)
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| items required to be on organization's DO NOT USE list are highlighted with __ __ in the ISMP list | double asterisk (**)
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| avoidance of periods w/ all medical abbreviations is a required safety practice because poorly written periods could be mistaken as the __ __ and cause an __ __ __ | number one; error in dosage
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| date, patient's name, medication name, dosage/amount of medication, route/manner of administration, & time to be administered/frequency | six items contained in all medications orders
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| medication orders must always be written & signed by | a physician
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| in an emergency the physician may give a | verbal order
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| health care workers are responsible for repeating the order (i.e. medication & amount) | before administration
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| health care workers are responsible for writing down the medication, amount, & time of administration | as soon as it is given
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| most agencies require a __ __ to take telephone orders | registered nurse
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| if you are calling in the prescription to the facility for the physician you must | repeat name of drug, dosage, frequency & route
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| physician's must sign all verbal & telephone orders | within 24 hours
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| regulations for who can call in an order and who can receive a phone order, as well as the time frame for a physician's signature, from | state to state
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| health care workers are responsible for noting the six items for all medications orders and to question any | discrepancies, omissions, or unusual orders
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| in addition to the six items on all medications orders the two additional items are | physician's DEA number & number of refills
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| the physician's DEA number must be on all prescriptions for | a controlled substance
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| if there are to be no refills there must be written | NO, NONE, or Ø
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| never leave a blank space after the __ __ on a prescription | refill space
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| in order to reduce incidences of medication errors some states have passed legislation requiring that the | name of the medication to be legibly printed or typed
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| state regulations also require that the quantity of the drug be in | both textual and numerical formats
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| state regulations also require that the prescriber also | print their name under the signature
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| in order to carry out medication orders accurately the person administering the medication must have an understanding of the | different systems of measurement
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| original system of weights & measures for writing medication orders | apothecary system
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| a pharmacists or druggist can also be called | an apothecary
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| __ drugs are still ordered by the apothecary system | few
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| metric system is the ___ system of measurement and used at the present time | preferred
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| international standard for weights and measurement; invented by French in late 18th century | metric system
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| standardized, on the assumption that the utensils are common enough to be found in any home; not as accurate as the metric system because of a lack of standardization of spoons, cups, and glasses | household system
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| medication orders are concerned with only measuring __ & measuring __ | fluids; solids
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| measuring fluids | liquid measure
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| measuring solids | solid weight
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| includes minim, fluid dram, fluid ounce, pint, quart, & gallon | apothecary system of liquid measurement
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| a drop is approximately equivalent to __ __ of water | 1 minim
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| when minims are ordered they should always be measured with a __ __ or in a __ __ for accuracy | minim glass; tuberculin syringe
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| if a medication order specifies drops, they may be measured with a | medicine dropper
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| aspirin, acetaminophen, iron & phenobarbital are a few drugs that are sometime ordered by the apothecary system in | grains
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| includes liter & milliliter | metric system of liquid measurement
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| milliliter is approximately equivalent to the | cubic centimeter
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| includes gram & milligram; measurement most commonly used for medication prescriptions | metric system for measuring solid weights
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| if necessary to convert from apothecary system to the metric system, always | consult conversion table or pharmacist
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| medicine cups & various syringes calibrated in millimeters &/or minims are equipment most commonly used for | measuring medications
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| calibrated measuring spoons & clearly marked measuring cups are more accurate for dispensing orders in | the household measurement
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| a teaspoon in household measurement is equivalent to __ in metric measurement | 5 milliliters
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| the abbreviation that indicates a medication is to be administered immediately is | stat
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| the abbreviation that indicates that a patient is to take a medication that does not require a prescription | OTC
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| the abbreviation that indicates a medication should be taken whenever necessary | prn
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| abbreviation that means the medication is to be taken every other day | qod
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| abbreviation indicates a medication should be taken twice daily | bid
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| abbreviation indicating a patient is to stop taking a prescribed medication | dc
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| abbreviation indicating a medication should taken before meals | ac
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| three systems used to measure medications | apothecary, metric, & household
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| abbreviation indicating that a medication is to be administered to the right eye | OD
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| abbreviation indicating that a medication is to be administered to the left eye | OS
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| abbreviation indicating that a medication is to be administered to both/each eye | OU
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| metric liter is equivalent to __ quart in household measurement | one
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| the metric system is preferred for __ prescriptions | writing
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| abbreviation that indicates a medication is dispensed in grams | g
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| abbreviation indicates a medication is prescribed in micrograms | mcg
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| a __ is equivalent to 2.2 pounds | kilogram
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| the metric equivalent of 0.5 g is | 500 mg
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| in addition to date, patient name, & medication name, a medication order must also contain __, __, & __ or frequency of administration | dosage; route; time
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| 1 tsp in household measurement is equivalent to __ in apothecary measurement | 1 dr
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| 15 gr in apothecary measurement is equivalent to __mg in metric measurement | 1,000
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| 7-1/2 gr in apothecary measurement is equivalent to __g in metric measurement | 0.5
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| 1 gr in apothecary measurement is equivalent to __mg in metric measurement | 60-65
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| be very careful with conversions, metric equivalents of apothecary are | not precise
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| to convert pounds to kilograms you will need to __ number of pounds by 2.2 | divide
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| be very careful when calculating weight in kg, because the slightest error (especially in pediatric dosage) could result in | fatal consequences
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| 1 lb in household measurement is equivalent to __ kg in metric measurements | 0.453592
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| 1/2 gr in apothecary measurement is equivalent to __mg in metric measurement | 30
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