Material for chapter 34
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| What are the 5 characteristics of aboreal life inherited by humans? | Limber shoulder joint, dextreous hands, streoscopic vision, hand-eye coordination, and extended parental care & single births
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| Define Hominid: | Two-legged primates, including humans
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| What are prosiminans: | Mostly noctoral, small species of monkeys
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| What does arboreal mean? | Tree living
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| How many hominid species are there? | 20, they are more closely related to humans than chimps
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| Mosaic evolution: | Differing rates of evolution for different features
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| What is an example of mosaic evolution? | Walking upright earlier than jaw changes
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| What are the five trends in hominid evolution: | bipedalism, division of labor, increasing brain size and complexity, toolmaking, and meat protein use
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| How is the division of labor supported? | By fossil evidence
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| When did the brain size trend begin? | 2.5 mya
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| What is associated with the brain size trend? | 3-fold increase
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| What is the 3-fold increase? | Permitted greater memory, got speech centers, changed in blood flow, and longer periods of learning for kids because child care time was lengthened
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| When did toolmaking initiate? | 2.6 mya
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| What did the toolmaking trend lead to the formation of? and where? | 3 new muscles in thumb area
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| What is associated with the meat trend | increased use of meat protein, 20 amino acids are in meat,
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| How long have hominids been hunting? | 1.5 mya
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| What are the changes associated with becoming bipedelists? | vertebrate column added more curves, placement of foramen magnum, size and shape of pelvis (broader tilted), position of muscles moving the leg, feet change (opposible big toe goes AWAy)
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| What are the three hypothesis for why bipedalism evolved? | savanah, Thermoregulation, Gather fruit
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| What is a savanah? | Habitat with a dominant tree
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| What is the gather fruit hypthesis? | Gather fruit hypothesis: bipedals needed tolean against trees to pick fruit, so they became two-legged. They used less energy to stand upright, freed hands to pick up children, moved slower on two feet..>less tired
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| what is thermoregulation? | less exposed area to sun
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