lecture notes
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| motor system | pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar systems
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| pyramidal system | voluntary system
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| extrapyramidal system | made up of basal ganglia, resposible for automatic execution of learned motor plans
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| cerebellar system | balance and coordination
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| tracts of the pyramidal system | corticospinal tract, cortibulbar tract, coricopontine
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| corticobulbar tract | sends movement to the cranial nerves through the medulla
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| corticospinal tract | from the cortex to the spinal nerves
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| corticopontine tract | goes through the cerebellum
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| extrapyramidal system | subserviant system keeps tone in muscles
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| direct activation system | pyramidal system
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| indirect activation system | extrapyramidal system
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| dyskenisia | too much movement
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| akenisia | not enough movement
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| lesions of the basal ganglia | cause dyskenisia or akenisia
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| nuclia of extrapyramidal system | basal ganglia
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| Parkinsons | problem with basal ganglia
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| tremor | oscillating movement 3-7 movements per second
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| physiologic tremor | a fine tremor that happens while doing an action, a spasm
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| chorea | quick, random movement, fidgets
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| athetosis | slow writhing or squirming movement
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| dystonia | odd posture or movement then held spastic
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| myoclonus | abrupt brief almost lightening like contraction of muscle
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| orafacial dyskeniesia | grimacing of the face, bizarre movements
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| provides smooth coordination of muscle movements for speech | cerebellar system
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| ataxia | not coordinated
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| asynergy | lack of coordination with any movement
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| decomposition of movement | breaks complex movement into parts
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| dysmetria | inability to gauge speed, distance and power of a movement
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| adiochokinesia, dysdiachokensia | inability to perform rapid movements
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| rebound | inability to control contraction of the flexors and extensors
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| hypotonia | muscle flaccidty
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| tremor (cerebellar system) | a tremor during an intentional movement not present when at rest
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| nystagmus | oscillatory abnormalities of the pupils
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| muscle stretch reflexes | pendular reflexes
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| ataxic dysarthria | lack of coordination and balance in speech.
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| central nervous system lesions above the pyramidal decussaton | produce weakness and inccordination contralateral to the lesion
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| central nervous system lesions below the pyramidal decussation | produce weakness and incoordination ipsilateral to the lesion
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| basal ganglia consist of | caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, sustantia nigra pars reticulata, subthalamic nucleus, sustantia nigra pars compacta
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| hyponomia | masking of face (parkinsons)
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| cause of parkinsons | premature death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta
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