Bio Review sheet
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| Emergent Properties: | Characteristics that you don't see at a lower level of organization and is unpredictable from characterics at lower level.
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| Emergent Properties of a population: | Density and dispersion
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| Density: | Organisms per unit
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| Dispersion: | The spread among individuals
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| Dispersion types: | Clumped, uniform, random
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| Clumped: | Some are closer together than others
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| Give an example of clumped dispersion: | Fish
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| Uniform: | Evenly spaced individuals
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| Give an example of uniform dispersion: | Penguins
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| Random: | No real trend in spacing
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| Example of random dispersion: | Trees in a forest
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| Demography: | Study of factors that affect population size
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| Population Increases can occur because of what activities? | Births, Immigration (migration IN)
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| Population decreases occur due to what activities? | Deaths, emigration (migration OUT)
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| What does a Life Table do? | Summarizes reprodutive and mortality data for a population
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| Survivorship curve: | Graph of proportion of individuals still alive at certain age levels
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| What does a type I survivorship curve look like? | Starts out level, then decreases
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| What is an example of something that follows a type I curve? | Humans
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| What does a type II curve look like? | Constant rate
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| What is an example of type II organisms? | Turtles and Squirrels
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| What does a type III curve look like? | Most organisms die out quickly, those who live, live long
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| What is an example of a type III curve? | Invertebrates, such as oysters
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| Population growth focuses on...? | Births and deaths
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| Look at Rmax and the population growth equations | (blank)
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| Is exponential growth common in nature? Why or why not? | No, lack of resources
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| When would exponential growth be possible? | When individuals colonize a new area
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| What is logistic growth? | S-shaped curve
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| What is rmax? | Change in population size per individual
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| What are the three important questions that need to be answered about a community? | How do populations interact, how do communities change? How are communities structured?
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| POPULATION INTERACTION` | POPULATION INTERACTION
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| How does competition affect species in environment? | Both suffer
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| What is exploitation? | Paratism, herbivory, predation, disease
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| How does exploitation affect species in environment? | One gains while the other loses
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| How does mutalism affect species in an environment? | Both gain
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| How does commensalism affect species in an environment? | One is not affected, the other gains
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| What is an example of competition? | Someone grew two species of paramacium alone, found the k of each. Then, the person grew them together and found that one went extinct
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| Competition exclusion principle is what? | Too much competition leads to end of species. Thus, organisms that share the same niche can't live in same place at same time
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| What did this principle lead to? | ways that enable species with same niches to co-exist
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| What is a habitat? | type of environment where organism lives
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| What is a real-world example of a habitat? | Address
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| What is a niche? | Organism's role in environment
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| What is a real world example of a niche? | a job
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| What are the ways in which species with same niches can co-exist? | Resource partitioning and character displacement
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| What is resource partitioning? | Different species have different niches (jobs)
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| Character displacement is what? | Although allopatic use resource in same way, where they come together and are sympatic their resource use and anatomy
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| What is a condition of character displacement? | Must have different niches
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| What is exploitation interaction? | Predators well-adapted to catch and kill prey
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| How can organisms avoid prey? | Running, fighting and mobbing (whole group of prey go after predator)
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| What is an alarm call? | One animal warns the rest of the arival of a predator
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| How does coloration aid in an prey's ability to avoid predators? | Can have cameflouge, aposematic, or mimicry types
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| What is cryptinc camfelouge? | Blend in w/ background
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| what is aposematic coloration? | Warning coloration, poisonous or doesn't taste good can be shown through bright colors to signal that fact
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| What is batesian mimicry? Give an exmaple | Tasty species mimic not taste ones, monarch butterfly
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| What is mullerian mimicry? | Icky species resemble each other
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| What do plants do to avoid predators? | Have spines or thorns, toxins or other chemicals (nicotine, morphine, cinnamon, cloves)
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| What is an example of mutualism? | Algea do photosynthesis and live on coral, and coral provides home for algae
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| What is an example of commensalism? | Burrs stick to fur and are transported elsewhere in the form os seeds, but the carrier is not affected
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| How are communities structured? | Trophic structures
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| What are trophic structures: | Feeding relationships within a community
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| What is a trophic level? | like primary producer, secondary producer. Pretty much the order from the start to finish of the food chain...
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| What is a food web: | More complex and accurate representation of trophic structures
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| What is the difference between the food chain and food web? | That hte food web has connections all over the place; a chain is more linear
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| Why can't food chains be over the quaternary level? | Energetic hypothesis and the dynamic stability hypothesis
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| What is the energetic hypothesis? | Energy transfer is inefficient, so you can't have too many organisms involved in the food chain
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| What is the dynamic stability hypothesis? | Long food chains are less stable than short ones; if one creature is taken out, the rest of the creatures in the food chain would suffer
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| What areas would be an exception to the above hypotheses? | areas with more producers and areas that are more "stable," creatures are less likely to be extinct..etc.
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| How do communities change? | Disturbance of the environment
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| What is disturbance? | Any event that removes species from a community
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| What is anthropogenic disturbance? | Human caused by development, pollution, farming
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| What the result of a disturbance? | Sucession--Change in species--composition over time begins after a disturbance and results in a climax community
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| What are the two types of succession: | Primary and secondary succession
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| What is primary succession? | In an area without life, like a volcanic eruption; it takes a while to get over disturbance
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| What are the first organisms that colonize the land after a disturbance? | Leeches and mosses which make dirt by breaking down rocks
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| What is secondary succession? | In areas already containing soil from previous community (like after a fire) Takes less time to get over disaster
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| What is an ecosystem? | Community plus the abiotic factors action on it
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| What are the central factors of an ecosystem? | Energy and nutrient cycles
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| How does energy flow? | From sun through producers to consumers to detrivores
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| What are detrivores? | Organisms that eat dead stuff
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| How do nutrients cycle? | Producers to consumers to detrivores and come back to producers
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| What is the key difference between the energy cycle and the nutrient cycle? | Energy can't be recycled, but nutrients can
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| What is gross primary production (GPP)? | Amount of lighter energy going to nutrients and food
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| What is net primary production (NPP) | is GPP minus energy used by producers
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| Give an example of how NPP varies by an ecosystem | Tropical rain forests and swamps are high NPP open oceans are low NPP
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| How is NPP limited? | In aquatic ecosyusmems, NPP is limited by light
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| What is eutrophication? | Dangerous to aquatic ecosystems because algea grows, but eventually dies and is broken down by detrivores, who require alot of oxygen, and this leads to a dead zone because no other creatures can survive without oxygen
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| What is secondary production? | Amount of chemical energy made by producers that is converted to consumers
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| Describe the pyramid of production: | Tertiary structures are on top, they get the smallest amount of energy, and then it's secondary structures and they get a little more energy upto primary producers who have a lot of energy. So the pyramid part is just what the end-result looks like
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| How does the theory of energy transfer relate to the concept of the energy pyramid | Energy is inefficiently transferred.
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| What is nutrient cycling? | Nutrients move through different biological, geological, and chemical reservoirs (location) and are transformed in various ways
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| Why is carbon important? | It is the building block of life
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| What is the inorganic form of carbon | Carbon dioxide
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| What do producers do with the inorganic form? | Producers transform it into organic forms that other organisms can use
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| How do humans disturb this cycle? | Increased burning of fossil fuels, cutting and burning of producers in environment;, both processes will increase carbon dioxide in environment
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| Why is nitrogen important? | Important in proteins and nucleic acids
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| What is the most readily available form of nitrogen gas? | The innorganic form, which is 78% of the atmosphere
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| What convertes the innorganic form into one plants and humans can use? | Bacteria conver nitrogen gas to nitrates and ammonia
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| How else can nitrogen gas be converted into a usable form? | Lightning strikes
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| How do humans disrupt this cycle? | Add inorganic nitrogen fertilizer, farmers alternate crops; both put nitrate in soil
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| Why is phosphate important? | part of nucleic acid and phosphorlipids (ATP and all that)
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| How do humans impact phosphorus in environment? | Mining
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| LOOK AT DIAGRAMS OF EACH CYCLE!! | LOOK AT DIAGRAMS OF EACH CYCLE!!
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| What is the greenhouse effect? | A natural process that is critical for life as we know it.
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| What does the greenhouse effect do? | makes earth 70 degrees warmer
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| How does the greenhouse effect work? | sunlight enters atmosphere and is converted to heat, most heat trapped by atmospheric gasses.
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| What is global warming? | Unnatural, anthropogenic increase in global temperature
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| What causes global warming? | Caused by increases in certain atmospheric gasses like Carbon Dioxide and methane
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| What are the effects of global warming? | Melting of polar ice caps, change in weather patterns; extinction
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| Why should we care about loss of biodiversity? | Biophilia, economic, ecosystem
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| What is biophilia? | Love of nature, sense of connection to nature in and of itself
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| Economic: | Medication and food and building materials
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| Ecosystem services: | Benefits we receive indirectly from natural activities
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| Give an example of an ecosystem service: | Photosynthesis and everyone's role in it
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| What are the four major threats to biodiversity? | Habitital alteration, introduced species, over exploitation, distruption of food chains
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| What are the three ways a habitat may be altered? | Habitat destruction, fragmentation and simplification
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| What is habitat destruction? | clearcutting, pollute water
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| Fragmentation? | Lose interior habitats and species that live there. You're left with the edge creatures that are mean
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| Simplification: | Bent river to a straight one
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| Introduced species example? | Brown snakes being introduced or zebra mussel
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| Example of over exploitation? | Over hunting/fishing/ mmining=lower rmax
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| Distruption of food chain example? | Loss of one species affects all those who benefit from it: prairie dogs and ferrets
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