BIO170 - Obj 15 - cancer therapies
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| What are the various treatments for cancer? | surgery, hormone therapy, radiation, and chemotherapy
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| How is surgery a treatment for cancer? | it involves removing the cancerous growth and other infected lymph nodes and tissues
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| What are sentinel lymph nodes? | the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a malignant tumor; identified as the first to take up a radionuclide or dye injected into the tumor
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| How is the sentinel node used in treating cancer? | in melanoma & breast cancer surgeries, if sentinel node is free of metastasis, more distal nodes are also free; during surgery, each successive lymph node is aspirated to monitor for presence of metastasized tumor cells; lymph node is removed if present
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| What are possible surgical complications? | 1) vital tissue around the tumor may be removed or destroyed (ex: healthy nervous tissue around a brain tumor);2) no guarantee that the tumor hasn't metastasized even with surgical removal of sentinel lymph nodes; no guarantee tumor was completely removed
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| How is hormonal therapy used to treat cancer? What is an example? | administrationof a hormonal agonist halts the promotion of reproductive cancers; ex: Tamoxifen, an estrogen agonist used as a treatment of breast cancer
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| What are some of the undesirable side effects of hormonal therapy? | fluid retention, hypertension, adrenal insufficiency, hot flashes, diabetes, increased risk of endometrial carcinoma, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism
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| Is hormonal therapy an independent cancer therapy? | no; hormonal therapy needs to be coupled with other treatments to be successful
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| How is radiation used as a cancer therapy? | radiation destroys cancer in a localized area by disrupting the DNA of rapidly dividing cells; cells undergoing mitosis are particularly sensitive to radiation
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| What are the problems with radiation as a cancer treatment? | it also destroys healhy new cells undergoing mitosis (can't focus radiation on just the tumor cells) and radiation tends to exacerbate effects of the tumor; anorexia is another side effect
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| How are cells in the bone marrow affected by radiation exacerbatine the effects of the tumor? | cells in the bone marrow divide rapidly, and are therefore destroyed by radiation leading to anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia which worsens the immunosuppression
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| How are cells in the but mucosa affected by radiation? | causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and inflammation of the GI tract (ex: esophagitis during lung cancer irradiation)
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| How is chemotherapy used as a cancer treatment? | it kills cancer cells throughout the body; rapidly dividing cells are sensitive to chemotherapy during mitosis or at the beginning of the G1 stage of interphase
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| What are the side effects of chemotherapy? | similiar to radiation therapy; also hair follicles can be affected causing hair to fall out
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| What may the next generation of cancer drugs include? | specific tumor antigens or monoclonal antibodies which directly target tumor cells
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