1a. Pharmacology review ch 11-17
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| What is the first oral therapy for interstitial cystitis? | pentosan polysulfate sodium (Elmiron)
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| What term is used to describe the working units of the kidneys? | nephrons
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| Which of the following should a patient undergoing dialysis NOT take? | antacids
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| What hormone is diminished in patients with anemia due to renal failure? | erythropoietin
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| What drug is often given in combination with flutamide (Eulexin) to treat BPH? | leuprolide (Eligard, Lupron Depot, Viadur)
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| Which of the following agents for urinary tract problems is available OTC? | phenazopyridine (Azo-Standard, Uristat)
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| What is an example of a "loop" diuretic? | furosemide (Lasix)
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| What is the clinical syndrome resulting from renal dysfunction called? | uremia
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| What is the only osmotic diuretic on the market? | mannitol (Osmitrol)
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| What do the kidneys regulate? | blood plasma volume , concentration of waste products in the blood, plasma acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations
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| What antibiotic (or combination) may be used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs)? | amoxicillin (Amoxil, Trimox), amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), ciprofloxacin (Cipro), nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin)
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| When taking which of the following antibiotics (or combinations) should sunscreen be used? | sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra)
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| What class of drugs is commonly used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)? | alpha-adrenergic blockers
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| During what stage of renal failure does the patient require chronic dialysis? | end-stage renal disease
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| What is a goal of renal therapy? | reestablishing an appropriate intravascular volume ,restricting fluids in volume-overload patients ,treating underlying fluid, electrolyte, or pH problems
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| Which of the following drugs used for renal disease may be given by mouth? | cinacalcet (Sensipar)
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| Which drug below causes immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) to be released from bone marrow into the bloodstream? | epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit)
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| Who should never handle crushed tablets of finasteride (Propecia, Proscar)? | pregnant women
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| What drug is an amino acid derivative and is a cofactor needed for the transformation of long-chain fatty acids? | levocarnitine (Carnitor)
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| Which of the following drugs may be used to prevent rejection in kidney transplant patients? | cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
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| Which of the antiplatelet drugs listed below is a monoclonal antibody? | abciximab (ReoPro)
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| Beta blockers may be used in combination with what other drug to reduce the risk of death or recurrence following a myocardial infarction? | aspirin
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| Which of the following drug classes is not used to treat angina? | angiotensin II- receptor antagonists
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| Which of the following drugs used for TIAs and stroke prevention blocks ADP receptors, reducing platelet adhesion and aggregation? | clopidogrel (Plavix)
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| Which of the following is a Class I or membrane stabilizing antiarrhythmic drug? | flecainide (Tambocor) ,lidocaine (Xylocaine) ,procainamide (Pronestyl) ,quinidine
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| Which antiarrhythmic drug also has anticonvulsant properties? | phenytoin (Dilantin)
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| What does the systolic blood pressure reading represent? | cardiac output
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| What term describes a thickening of the heart muscle in an enlarged heart? | myocardial hypertrophy
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| Which fibrinolytic agent below binds to fibrin, converts plasminogen to plasmin, and is incompatible with dextrose? | tenecteplase (TNKase)
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| What drug below is a phosphodieterase inhibitor used for IV therapy of congestive heart failure and calcium channel blocker intoxication? | milrinone (Primacor)
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| Which of the following anticoagulant drugs is available in tablet form? | warfarin (Coumadin)
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| Diuretics help to lower blood pressure by | reducing preload
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| What term describes an abnormal, hyper-excitable site within the heart that becomes the dominant pacemaker? | ectopic pacemaker
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| What pacemaker cells of the heart generate a normal cardiac rhythm? | sinoatrial (SA) node
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| Which of the following antihypertensive drugs is also available in a topical form that can be used to treat baldness? | minoxidil (Loniten, Rogaine)
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| What class of drugs are used to dissolve clots that have already formed? | fibrinolytic agents
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| Which of the following drugs is an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme and is used to treat congestive heart failure and hypertension? | lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
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| Which of the following is a selective aldosterone antagonist used to treat hypertension? | eplerenone (Inspra)
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| Which of the following antihypertensive drugs binds to angiotensin II-receptors and rarely causes coughing as an adverse effect? | valsartan (Diovan)
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| What form of angina is characterized by coronary artery spasm? | variant angina
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| What form of enzyme cyclooxygenase is associated with inflammatory pain, but not with protection of the GI lining? | COX-2
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| Which of the following drugs is least likely to produce GI irritation at analgesic doses? | celecoxib (Celebrex)
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| What patient should not take misoprostol (Cytotec), a drug sometimes used to counter the gastric irritating effects of NSAIDs? | pregnant women
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| NSAIDs can interact with which of the following drug classes? | other NSAIDs, including aspirin, diuretics , oral hypoglycemics ,digoxin
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| Which of the following is an example of a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD)? | adalimunab (Humira) , anakinra (Kineret) , methotrexate (Rheumatrex) , azathioprine (Imuran)
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| Which of the following muscle relaxant acts on benzodiazepine receptors? | diazepam (Valium)
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| What substances reduce pain, fever, and inflammation? | salicylates
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| Which of the following muscle relaxants is a DEA scheduled controlled substance? | diazepam (Valium)
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| How do salicylates reduce fever? | increasing blood flow to skin
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| What dose of aspirin (per day)may be fatal? | 10 g
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| Why should aspirin not be given to children? | Reye's syndrome can develop in children who have been exposed to chicken pox.
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| What is the prototype NSAID? | aspirin
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| Which of the following drugs used to treat gout interferes with leucocytes, reducing their mobility and joint phagocytosis? | colchicine
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| What prostaglandin molecule, which facilitates platelet aggregation, is inhibited by low dose (81 mg-325 mg) aspirin? | thromboxane A-2
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| What clinical effect of aspirin is also produced by acetaminophen (Tylenol)? | fever reduction
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| What effect of nonnarcotic analgesics most commonly limits their use? | gastrointestinal disturbances
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| What is the most serious adverse effect associated with acetaminophen? | liver damage
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| What is the effect of preventing acetylcholine (ACh) destruction on skeletal muscle? | paralysis by fatigue
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| When injected, a 30 mg dose of which of the following NSAIDs is as effective as 12 mg of morphine in relieving pain? | ketorolac (Toradol)
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| What is a laboratory test for rheumatoid arthritis? | ESR
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| What is not a potential adverse effect of corticosteroids? | hypotension due to increased sodium excretion
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| What is a potential use of progestins in women? | birth control , prevention of uterine cancer in post-menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy , treatment of menstrual dysfunctions , reducing the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia
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| When a patient has had the thyroid surgically removed, due to cancer, for example, what is the drug of choice for chronic therapy? | levothyroxine (Levothroid, Synthroid)
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| What is needed for calcium to get into the bone? | vitamin D
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| Which of the following drugs or drug classes may cause male impotence? | alcohol ,corticosteroids , haloperidol (Haldol) ,opiates
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| Which of the following drugs is used to treat genital herpes? | acyclovir (Zovirax)
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| Which synthetic insulin is the longest acting? | glargine (Lantus)
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| What is the most common form of diabetes? | type II
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| Which of the following drugs act to prevent bone loss by modulating estrogen receptors? | raloxifene (Evista)
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| Which drug listed below has been shown to speed the healing of lower extremity diabetic ulcers? | becaplermin gel (Regranex)
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| Which of the following drugs used to treat male impotence does not act by inhibiting the enzyme phosphodiesterase? | alprostadil (Caverject, Edex, Muse)
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| Which of the following oral hypoglycemic agents acts by interfering with carbohydrate metabolism and glucose absorption? | acarbose (Precose)
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| What large molecule is broken down by thyroid cells to produce thyroid hormones? | thyroglobulin
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| Which of the following antibiotics is often the drug of choice for treating syphilis? | penicillin G benzathine (Bicillin L-A)
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| Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a fungus? | candidiasis
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| What is a danger of using nicotine in combination with estrogen? | increased risk of blood clots
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| Which of the following synthetic human growth hormones is recommended for used in children of families of short stature? | Growth hormone treatment is not recommended in this population.
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| Which hormone listed below is not released by the pituitary gland? | thyroxine (T-4)
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| Which of the following drugs is used for emergency contraception? | levonorgestrel (Plan B)
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| Which of the following drugs may interact adversely with oral contraceptives? | erythromycin ,carbamazepine ,prednisolone ,clofibrate
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| In general, what is the maximum dosage and the number of consecutive weeks that superpotent steroids are given? | 45 to 50 g per week; 2 weeks
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| Which of the following drugs, derived from chrysanthemums, is available OTC and is used for head lice? | pyrethrins (Rid Mousse)
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| Which of the following drugs is not used to treat fungal infections? | fluorouracil (Efudex)
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| What term is used to describe the excessive response of the skin to sun in the presence of a sensitizing agent? | phototoxicity
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| What skin condition is methotrexate, an inhibitor of normal bone marrow tissue cell growth, used to treat? | psoriasis
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| What drug applied topically for wound healing is also used as an anticonvulsant? | phenytoin (Dilantin)
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| What drug is used to treat chronic ketatococonjunctivitis (dry eye)? | cyclosporine (Restasis)
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| Which of the following antibiotics is available in a topical dosage form? | clindamycin (Cleocin T) , metronidazole (MetroGel) , mupirocin (Bactroban)
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| What chemical was traditionally used in the eyes of newborns to prevent gonococcal infection? | silver nitrate
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| Which of the following is a type of sweat gland? | eccrine
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| Which of the following is given orally to treat glaucoma? | acetazolemide (Diamox)
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| Which of the following otic agents contains an antibiotic to fight infection and a steroid to reduce inflammation? | ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone (Ciprodex)
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| What is the top layer of skin known as? | epidermis
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| What term defines chemicals that free objects from pathogenic organisms or render them inert? | disinfectant
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| Which drug used to treat glaucoma may cause light-colored eyes to turn brown? | latanoprost (Xalatan)
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| Which of the following drugs is used to treat acne vulgaris? | tretinoin (Retin-A)
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| What is the most commonly occurring eye disease? | glaucoma
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| What drug is used to treat cold sores? | docosanol (Abreva)
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| Which of the following drugs is a neurotoxin used to treat facial wrinkles? | botulinum toxin type A (Botox)
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| What causes age-related macular degeneration (AMD)? | unknown
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| What drug is recommended by ACLS guidelines for cardiac emergencies and Code Blue carts? | atropine , dopamine (Intropin) , naloxone (Narcan) , verapamil (Isoptin)
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| What is the drug of choice for treating an overdose of acetaminophen (Tylenol)? | acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
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| Which of the following is a recommended or common addition to total parenteral nutrition mixtures? | sodium , vitamin B-6 ,copper , insulin, regular
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| Which dietary supplement is incorrectly paired with its medicinal use? | garlic -- impotence
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| How can grapefruit juice affect the pharmacological disposition of many drugs? | It affects their metabolism.
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| What characterizes marasmus? | It is due to an imbalance between protein and calorie intake and produces growth retardation.
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| Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin? | vitamin C
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| Which of the following drugs may cause tinnitus (ringing in the ear), nausea, and vomiting in children with doses greater than 150mg/kg? | aspirin
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| What organ maintains the largest stores of fat-soluble vitamins? | liver
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| What vitamin found in dairy products, liver, and fish oils is also known at retinol? | vitamin A
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| What reversal agent may be used to treat respiratory depression caused by an opioid (narcotic) overdose? | naloxone (Narcan)
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| What bioterrorism agent is derived from castor beans, inhibits protein synthesis, and has no known treatment? | ricin
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| What herbal supplement, sometimes referred to as "Nature's Prozac", is used for mild-to-moderate depression? | St. John's wort
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| Which of the following is the leading cause of fatal poisonings in children? | iron tablets
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| What is a complication associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN)? | acid-base imbalance , high serum lipid concentrations , electrolyte imbalance , liver toxicity
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| What is another name for vitamin B-9? | folic acid
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| What drug may be used to treat cholinergic agonist-induced bradycardia? | atropine
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| In contrast to two-in-ones, three-in-one TPN solutions | may crack or oil out.
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| What form of calcium is most commonly used in antacids? | calcium carbonate
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| What term describes a method in which the patient is fed through a vein? | total parenteral nutrition
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