Anatomy
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| Gap junctions | dye passes from one cell into the next
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| Derivation of adrenal medulla | neural crest; neuroblasts develop in ganglia
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| adrenal gland layers from outside in | glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis, medulla
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| Tibial nerve function | plantar flexion of toes; injury = loss of plantar flexion, foot dorsiflexed and everted (calcaneovalgocavus), sensory loss on sole of foot
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| Composition of aortic valve (also pulmonic valve) | lined by endothelium and have abundant fibroelastic tissue plus a dense collagenous core
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| Composition of mitral and tricuspid valves | avascular; loose CT core (this core is increased w/valve prolaps ==> myxomatous degeneration)
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| Break humerus and get wrist drop | radial nerve injury
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| Post-radical mastecomy - winged scapula | injury to long thoracic nerve; paralasys of serratus anterior muscle
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| Pt w/nosebleed and rhinorrhea | fx of cribiform plate in ethmoid bone
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| Medial longitudinal fasciculus demyelination in MS | internuclear ophthalmoplegia
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| Parathyroid derivation | third/fourth pharyngeal pouches
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| Phases of meiosis eggs are in before and after ovulation | meiosis I arrested in PROPHASE until ovulation; meiosis II arrested in METAPHASE until fertilization
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| What runs along the radial artery | median nerve
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| artery affected in femoral neck fracture | medial femoral circumflex artery
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| EM of egg: where does sperm penetrate? | zona pellucida
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| Where is metaphase II completed? | in uterus
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| Collagen type I | bone, tendon, skin; greatest tensile strength
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| Collagen type III | initial collagen of wound repair, replaced by collagen type I (collagenase w/Zn as cofactor)
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| Collagen type IV | componenet of basement membrane
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| Collagen type X | epiphyseal plate; picture of bone on exam and need to label where X is located
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| Collagen type II | major component of hyaline cartilage
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| Wallerian degeneration | destruction of distal end of peripheral n; Schwann cells begin to proliferate and form a tube to guide new axons in sprouting regeneration process; growth directed distally (1-3mm/d), are remyelinated and reestabilsh continuity w/motor end plate of muscle
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| Nerve injured in midshaft humerus fracture | median nerve
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| Layers of gastric mucosa | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (oblique, longitudinal, circular; other GI has only 2 m layers), adventitia
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| Oligodendrocytes vs Schwann cells | myelinate in CNS vs periphery
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| Stage of eggs arrested after birth | prophase of meiosis I
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| Eye closed, cannot open and eye deviated down and out | occulomotor nerve palsy (III)
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| Eye down and in | trochlear nerve palsy (IV)
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| Child w/popsicle stick in mouth falls down and develops ptosis and miosis of right eye | injury to cervical sympathetic ganglion
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| Vertical diplopia is a/w | cranial nerve IV palsy
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| Pt w/headache and physical findings of mydriasis in right eye in a/w mild lid lag and deviation of eye down and out | aneurysm compressing CNIII (headache is giveaway for aneurysm)
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| Pt w/recent h/o bacterial meningitis has horizontal diplopia in left eye, which is worse on gaze to the left | CN VI palsy (lateral rectus weakness)
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| Pt w/bilateral lateral rectus musle weakness | inc in intracranial pressure (classic sign: papilledema is usu present)
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| Paralysis of upward gaze in an infant | hydrocephalus secondary to stenosis of aqueduct of Sylvius ("Parinaud's syndrome")
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| Multiple ocular motor nerve disorders | diabetes mellitus (common CN palsies from osmotic damage to nerves)
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| Weakness of quadriceps muscle and absent knee jerk reflex | herniated L3-L4 disk
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| Pain in hip and lateral quadriceps, numbness of anterolateral leg and the webbed space btw the great toe, weakness of dorsiflexion of foot, and normal knee and ankle jerk reflexes | herniated L4-L5 disk (note the DTRs are normal)
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| Numbness alont lateral and posterior aspect of calf and plantar aspect of foot, and an absent ankle jerk reflex | herniated L5-S1 disk
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| Young child falls on outstretched arm and has pain in middle and lateral portion of clavicle; upper extremity remains in abduction, extension and internal rotation | nerve injured is C5-C6 (Erb-Duchenne syndrome or superior brachial plexus injury d/t fx); mc fx in newborn
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| Inferior brachial plexus injuries | C8-T1; Klumpke's syndrome
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| Pt has paralysis of oculomotor nerve after a head injury | uncal herniation w/compression of the nerve; ptosis and mydriasis
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| Numbness of thenar aspect of hand | median nerve (carpal tunnel) syndrome
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| Wrist bone w/greates incidence of aseptic necrosis | scaphoid (navicular) bone
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| Supracondylar fracture | injury to brachial artery and median nerve; danger of ischemic contractures in forearm muscle (Volkmann's ischemic contracture)
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| Fetal circulation with greatest O2 content | ductus venosus and umbilical vein
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| A band of skeletal muscle contains | myosin ATPase
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| The most distal airway structure with cilia | respiratory bronchioles
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| Terminal bronchioles | have cilia but no goblet cells; site of obstruction in asthma, CF and chronic bronchitis
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| Voice hoarseness post thyroid surgery | injury to laryngeal nerve
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| Location of splenic artery | above pancreas
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| Xray showing enlargement of posterior heart | L atrium in pt w/mitral stenosis
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| Occlusion of anterior cerebral artery | causes problems in contralateral leg
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| Schwannoma in jugular foramen | weakness of palate/loss of gag reflex/laryngeal paralysis (CNX), trapezius/SCM (XI), loss of taste sensation in posterior 1/3 of tongue (IX)
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| Weber syndrome | lesion of oculomotor nerve and UMN signs with a midline midbrain lesion
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| Horner's syndrome - location of lesion | on a diagram of vertebra and sympathetic trunk, locate cervical sympathetic ganglion
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| Frontal lobe lesion | affects personality
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| Bitemporal hemianopia | lesion at optic chiasm; commonly a craniopharyngioma (derived from Rathke's pouch)
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| Inferior quadrantanopia | defect in superior fibers of temporal lobe
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| Loss of sensation in hands, h/o burns w/o knowing it | syringomyelia in cervical cord and crossed spinothalamics
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| C2 transection of fasciculus gracilis | effects vibration and fine touch of lower extremity only
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| CNIII and UMN signs on opposite side | midline midbrain lesion
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| Loss of pain and temperature and UMN signs on opposite side | mid pons lesion
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| Horner's syndrome w/localizationof lesion on a diagram | lateral medullary syndrome w/associated cranial nerve palsy in medulla and hypothalamus w/associated temperature regulation problems
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| Parkinson's related to drugs | MPTP
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| Blood production prior to birth | liver, bone marrow
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| Bochdalek hernia in posterolateral part of diaphragm on left | presents early in life; visceral contents extend into chest cavity causing severe respiratory distress at birth
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| Parasternal diaphragmatic hernias | extend thru the foramen of Morgagni beneath the sternum and do not usually develop symptoms until later in life
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| Artery a/w foregut | celiac
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| Artery a/w midgut | superior mesenteric
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| Artery a/w hindgut | inferior mesenteric
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| Damage to hearing in a drummer | injury to cochlea
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| Argyll-Robertson pupil | accomodates when pt follows finger moving towards the nose but does not react to direct light; **a/w neurosyphilis**
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Created by:
bscaryp