Russia Cultural Geo
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| VARANGIANS | Scandinavian warriors who settled among the Slavs; created Kievan Rus
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| IVAN III (IVAN THE GREAT) | Muscovite prince who expanded Muscovy's territory that later became Russia; built the Kremlin
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| IVAN IV (IVAN THE TERRIBLE) | Ivan the Great's grandson who became first czar of Russia; crushed all opposition
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| PETER I (PETER THE GREAT) | Romanov Czar who modernized Russia; enlarged territory, built military, developed trade; built St. Petersburg
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| CATHERINE THE GREAT | Empress who continued to expand territory; Russian nobility adopted western European ways
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| CZAR ALEXANDER II | Russian czar who freed the serfs; assasinated
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| NICHOLAS II | son of Alexander II; he was the last czar of Russia; he was deposed and executed by Bolsheviks
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| KARL MARX | German philosopher who proposed public ownership of all land and a classless society (socialism)
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| BOLSHEVIKS | revolutionary group led by Vladimir Lenin; overthrew government and established communist state (USSR)
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| Vladimir Lenin | leader of Bolshevik revolution
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| JOSEPH STALIN | leader of Communist Party after Lenin's death; dictator of USSR during Cold War
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| MIKHAIL GORBACHEV | last leader of the USSR; instituted glasnost and perestroika in order to preserve the USSR
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| BORIS YELTSIN | president of Russia, the largest of the remaining Soviet republics
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| VLADIMIR PUTIN | President of the Russian Federation, after Yeltsin resigned; currently Prime Minister of Russia
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| KADINSKY | Russian artist
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| MARC CHAGALL | Russian artist
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| BOLSHOI BALLET | Russia's premier ballet company
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| PUSHKIN | Russian poet
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| TOLSTOY | Russian novelist; wrote War and Peace, Anna Karenina
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| DOSTOYEVSKY | Russian novelist; wrote Crime and Punishment
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| glasnost | Gorbachev's policy of openness, which allowed citizens to speak freely for the first time in decades
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| Kievan Rus | a loose union of Slav city-states under the Varangians
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| Kiev | leading city-state of Kievan Rus
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| Muscovy | territory along the Moskva River, ruled by princes; later location of Moscow
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| Muscovites | people of Muscovy
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| Kremlin | fortress in Moscow, filled with churches and palaces; built by Ivan the Great
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| serfs | enslaved peasants
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| Russification | policy which required everyone to speak Russian and follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity
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| Eastern Orthodox Christianity | religion of Russia, based on the religion of Byzantine Empire
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| Bloody Sunday | demonstration during Czar Nicholas II reign that ended with 1,000 people being killed by Russian troops
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| USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republic, established after Bolshevik Revolution
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| satellites | countries controlled by the Soviet Union
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| Cold War | the struggle between the two competing systems - communist (USSR) and capitalist (USA)
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| propaganda | form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position; presents information primarily to influence an audience.
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| czar | supreme leader of Russia from Ivan IV to the Bolshevik Revolution
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| socialism | political philosophy in which the government owns the means of production; the economic system proposed by Marx
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| communism | society based on equality in which workers would control industrial production;type of state established by Bolsheviks
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| capitalism | an economic system where capital and land, known as the means of production, are privately owned; labor, goods and resources are traded in markets; and profit, is distributed to the owners.
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| perestroika | Russian = restructuring; Gorbachev's plan for reforming Soviet government
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| atheism | a belief that there is no God; belief system required by communist government of Russia
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| patriarch | head of the Russian Orthodox Church
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| pogroms | in czarist Russia, an attack on Jews carried out by government troops
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| socialist realism | realistic style of art and literature that glorified Soviet ideals and goals
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| May Day | workers' holiday in Soviet Russia
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| Russian Revolution | workers' revolution that overthrew the Romanov government in Russia
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| intelligentsia | intellectual elite of Russia
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