Stack #38367
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| Stimulus | any change in the internal or external environment of the body
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| Stimuli | detected through sensory receptors
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| Special Senses | vision, hearing, taste, smell
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| General Senses | pressure, heat and cold, pain, touch (tactile)
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| Sensory Adaptation | when the receptors adjust to the environment Ex: bath- check water with feet, feel hot, then adjust
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| The Eye | very delicate organ; protected by eyelashes and eyelids- protect the anterior eye from foreign abjects; tears also protect (from lacrimal ducts)
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| Conjunctiva | the sac lined with epithelial membrane; separates the front of the eye from the rest of the eyeball, conjuctivitis- pink eye, inflammation of the conjunctiva; covering over the white part of the eye
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| Three Layers of the Eye | sclera, choroid, retina
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| Sclera | outermost layer; appears to us white; under the conjunctiva
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| Choroid | where the blood vessels are located
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| Retina | innermost layer; contains ten different layers- nerve cells which act as the receptors for the sense of vision; the receptor cells for vision are called rods and cones
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| Rods | necessary for night vision; detect black and white
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| Cones | day vision; sensitive to color
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| Refraction | the bending of light rays to enable objects to be focused on the retina
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| Transparent Refracting Parts | media; refract light; cornea, aqueous humor, crystalline lens, vitreous body(humor)
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| Cornea | covers the iris and the pupil at the front of the eye
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| Aqueous Humor | nourishes the anterior part of the eye
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| Crystalline Lens | circular, jelly-like material that sits behind the cornea; lens that is removed if the patient has a cataract
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| Vitreous Body (Humor) | maintains the shape of the eyeball; is behind the lens
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| Functions of the Retina | perceives images, receptor cells, fovea centralis
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| Retina | perceives images
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| Receptor Cells | rods- black and white, night; cones- color, day
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| Fovea Centralis | light focuses here; directly in the back of the eye; the point of sharpest vision
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| Intrinsic Muscles | involuntary; iris, pupil,
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| Iris | colored portion of the eye, regulates the amount of light entering the eye
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| Pupil | black area of the eye; dilation of the pupil of the eye will allow more light to enter the eye
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| Accomadation | changes in the thickness of the lens for near vision
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| Presbyopia | "old eye"; common to older age; when eye accommadation has decreased; when people need bifocals
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| Myopia | nearsighted
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| Hyperopia | farsighted
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| Extrinsic Muscles | voluntary; move eyeball around; centers on one visual field
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| Nerve Supplies to the Eye | optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, opthalmic branch, optic disk
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| Optic Nerve | carnial nerve II; carries visual impulses to the brain from the rods and cones of the retina
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| Oculomotor Nerve | cranial nerve III; conducts impulses for movement of the eyeball
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| Opthalmic Branch | AKA trigeminal- cranial nerve V; carries impulses of pain, touch and temperature from the eye to the brain
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| Optic Disk | circular area on the surface of the retina where there is no visual ability , "the blind spot"
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| Visual Impulses | transmitted from the retina to the occipital lobe of the brain
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| External Parts of the Ear | pinna, meatus, tympanic membrane, eustachian tube
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| Pinna | the cartilage projecting part of the ear (AKA auricle)
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| Meatus (external auditory meatus) | tube-shaped opening; area where you can see cerumen
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| Tympanic Membrane | AKA ear drum; end of the external auditory canal; begins the middle ear
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| Eustachian Tube | AKA auditory tube; unique structure in that it connects the middle ear to the pharynx (throat); primary function- aids in hearing by helping to keep pressure equal on both sides of the tympanic membrane
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| Middle Ear | ossicles, oval window
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| Ossicles | function is to transmit sound waves
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| Malleus | hammer; connects with the tympanic membrane
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| Incus | anvil
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| Stapes | stirrup; directly next to the oval window; transmits sounds or sound waves to the fluid in the internal ear
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| Oval Window | membrane that begins the internal ear
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| Internal Ear | AKA bony labyrinth; filled with fluid; perilymph, vestibule, semi-circular canals, cochlea, organ of Corti
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| Perilymph | fluid that fills the inner ear or bony labyrinth
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| Three Divisions Within the Internal Ear | vestibule, semi-circular canals, cochlea
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| Vestibule | first section of the inner ear; organ of equilibrium
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| Semi-circular canals | very bone process; organ of equilibrium
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| Cochlea | snail-shaped portion of the internal ear that contains the Organ of Corti
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| Organ of Corti | organ of hearing
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| Cranial Nerve VIII | vestibulocochlear nerve- sends the message to brain
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| Taste Buds | on tongue; detect flavor; sweet ones last the longest; others aren't as sharp in elderly
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| Sweet Taste Buds | on tip of tongue
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| Sour Taste Buds | on the sides of the tongue
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| Salty Taste Buds | on the anterior sides of the tongue
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| Bitter Taste Buds | on the back of the tongue
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| Taste | dectected by two cranial nerves- facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)
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| Olfactory Nerve | cranial nerve I
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| General Senses | touch, pressure, temperature, pain
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| Touch | tactile
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| Pressure | can be experienced even with anesthesia
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| Temperature | hot and cold; adaptation
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| Pain | protective sense
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| Endorphins | released by the brain after pain perception
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| Position | aided by equilibrium but also helps with muscle contraction
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| Cerebellum | part of our brain that controls and coordinates voluntary muscles; maintains balance and muscle tone
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Created by:
Supernurse