World War II
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| The nonaggression pact | An agreement between Russia and Germany in which both nations promised not to attack the other country.
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| September 1, 1939 | The beginning of the German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II
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| Blitzkrieg | Hitler’s “lightning warfare”- a form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces.
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| The Phony War | French and British troops were stationed in position along the German border with France. Only a few miles from the enemy, the allies waited for an attack. Both sides could see each other but there was no attack.
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| Charles de Gaulle | A French general who set up a government-in-exile in London. He committed all energy towards reconquering France.
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| Winston Churchill | British prime minister who refused to surrender England to Germany.
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| Luftwaffe | The German air force
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| RAF | The British “Royal air force”
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| Enigma | A German code-making machine
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| Battle of Britain | a series of battles between German and British air forces, fought over Britain in 1940-1941, a turning point in WWII where the Allies realize that Germany can be defeated, also known as “the blitz”
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| Erwin Rommel | A German general who led tank forces into Africa in an attempt to reinforce Italian forces. Because of his successes in the Middle East he earned the nickname “Desert Fox”
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| Lend-Lease Act | The American program which supplied Britain and the Allied Powers with war supplies.
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| Atlantic Charter | declaration of principals issued in August 1941 by British prime minister Winston Churchill and U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt, on which the allied peace plan at the end of World War II was based.
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| U-Boat | A German submarine
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| Isoroku Yamamoto | The Japanese admiral (naval strategist) who called for the attack on Pearl Harbor.
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| Pearl Harbor | U.S. naval port which was surprise attacked by the Japanese Empire. 2,300 Americans were killed and 19 ships were destroyed. Brought U.S. into World War II.
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| Battle of Midway | 1942 sea and air battle of World War II, in which American forces defeated Japanese forces in the central Pacific. The turning point of the war.
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| Douglas MacArthur | The commander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific. He favored the plan to “island-hop” in order to defeat the Japanese.
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| Battle of Guadalcanal | a 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which Allied troops drove Japanese forces from the Pacific island of Guadalcanal.
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| Aryans | to the Nazis, the German peoples who formed the “master race.”
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| Holocaust | a mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians, carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during World War II.
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| Kristallnacht | “The Night of Broken Glass”- the night of November 9th, 1938, on which Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany.
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| Ghettos | city neighborhoods in which European Jews were forced to live.
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| Final Solution | Hitler’s program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people
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| Genocide | the systematic killing of an entire people.
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| Auschwitz | the largest Nazi extermination camp. It was equipped with hundreds of gas chambers in which thousands of Jews were killed every day.
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| Dwight D. Eisenhower | Supreme commander of allied forces in Europe.
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| Battle of Stalingrad | a 1942-1943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union.
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| D-Day | June 6, 1944- the day on which the Allies began their invasion of European mainland during World War II.
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| Battle of the Bulge | 1944-1945 battle in which Allied forces turned back the last major German offensive of World War II.
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| Kamikazes | Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink Allied ships by crashing bomb-filled planes into them.
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| Hiroshima | The first Japanese city (over 350,000 people) in which America dropped the atomic bomb on. Over 70,000 people were instantly killed in the blast.
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| Nagasaki | The second Japanese city in which America dropped the atomic bomb on. Again, over 70,000 people were killed. These bombings ultimately ended World War II.
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| The Manhattan Project | The American science program which developed the atomic bomb
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| Nuremburg Trials | a series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.
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| Demilitarization | a reduction in a country’s ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons.Democratization: the process of creating a government elected by the people.
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| Democratization | The process of creating a government elected by the people
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| Battle of Coral Sea | The first naval battle in ihstory where enemy ships neither saw eachother nor directly attacked eachother because aircraft launched from carriers bombed enemy ships and destroyed enemy aircraft.
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