A and P Bone Terms for Final
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| What is the function of muscle? | Contraction
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| What are the effects of exercise on muscle? | 1 - Increased blood supply; 2 - Muscle gets thicker
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| What happpens to muscle when it contracts? | IHt shortens and thickens
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| What are the three types of contraction? | 1 - Isotonic; 2 - Isometric; 3 - Tonic
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| Define isotonic - | Contraction of movement
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| Define isometric - | Contraction without movement (Yoga)
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| Define Tonic - | Muscle tone
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| What is the orgin / insertion? | 1 - Origin is where muscle attaches to immovable bone; 2 - Insertion is where muscle attaches to movable bone
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| NOTE: | Muscle is always proximal to area it is moving
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| What is ischemia of the leg muscles causing pain called? | Claudication (Limping due to ischemia of the leg muscles)
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| Define ischemia - | local deficiency of blood supply produced by vasoconstriction or local obstacles to the arterial flow.
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| What is the term for shrinking of muscle? | Atrophy
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| What are the symptoms of muscular dystrophy? (also called Duschene's or MD) | 1 - Child has waddling gait; 2 - Enlarged caves; 3 - Winged shoulders
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| Define sprain - | Over stratching of the muscle with damage to soft tissue
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| Define strain - | Over stratching of the muscle
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| What is a bursa? | Sac filled with jelly like fluid
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| What is the function of bursa? | Cushioning
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| What is gout? | Problem with protein metabolism causes accumulation of uric acid crystals
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| Who acquires most often and where? | Great toe of men over 40
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| What is the function of synovial fluid? | Lubrication
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| Where is synovial fluid found? | Synovial joints
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| What is a dislocation? | Union of two or more bones are no longer united
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| What disorder does prolonged wear and tear on joints cause? | Arthritis
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| What is the name of a crippling form of arthritis that affects children? | Rheumatiod arthritis (Is a autoimmune disease)
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| Define articulation - | Area of union of 2 or more bones (Joint)
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| What is the function os the the skeletal system? | 1 - Support; 2 - Framework; 3 - Protection of organs; 4 - Storage; 5 - Levers; 6 - Hematopoiesis
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| Define Lordosis - | Exaggerated lumbar curve (Abnormal spinal curvatures)
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| Define kyphosis - | Exaggerated thoracic curve (Abnormal spinal curvatures)
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| Define scoliosis - | Exaggerated 'S' shape of spine (Abnormal spinal curvatures)
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| Define synarthroses - | Joints that do not move (EX: Skull)
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| Define Diarthrosis - | A joint that moves freely (EX: ball & socket)
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| Define Amphiarthroses - | A joint that moves slightly ((Ex: Pubic symphysis of the pelvic girdle)
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| What are ligaments and tendons? | Dense fibrous connective tissue characterized by closely packed parallel bundles of collagenous fibers
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| NOTE: | Tissue that forms tendons and legaments have a poor blood supply and few cells which leads to slow healing of this tissue
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| What do ligaments do? | Connect bone to bone
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| What do tendons do? | Connect muscle to bone
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| What are the majior differences between a male and female skeleton? | Males are heavier which is caused by testoserone; Female - The pelvic girdle is wider and move during child birth
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| What are the word parts for bone? | 1 - Oste / o; 2 - Orth / o
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| Define epiphysis - | Spongy ends of long bones (All blood cells are produced here
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| Define hematopoiesis - | Formation of blood
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| What is the diaphysis? | Shaft of the bone
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| Define periosteum - | Very thick outer covering of bone (Must be healthy for bone to heal)
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| Define endosteum - | Thin inner connective tissue membrane that covers medullary cavity
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| What is the function of the red bone marrow? | Formation of all red blood cells
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| What is the composition of yellow marrow? | Fat
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| What is the function of yellow marrow? | Cushion, heat and warmth
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| How does bone change from early to later life? | Bones are much more flexible early on; They do break, more often because there thinner but heal quicker due to greater osteblast activity; - They become more brittle the older we get
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| What is rickets? | Vitamin 'D' deficiency
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| Define osteomyelitis - | an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow, usually caused by bacterial infection
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| What is a complication of osteomyelitis? | Open compound fracture
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| Define olecranon process - | Ulna protrudes (Elbow)
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| Define acromion process - | Where scapula prodtrudes (Shouder blade)
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| Define mastoid process - | Protrudtion behind ear
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| Define lateral malleolus - | Protrusion of fibula (Ankle bone)
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| What are prime movers? | Muscles performing action (Contracting)
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| Define antagonists - | Muscles that are relaxing
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| What is the only movable bone in the skull? | Mandible (Jaw bone)
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| Define epiphyseal - | Growth plate in long bones (Becomes epiphyseal when person is done growing)
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| Define osteoporosis - | Lose in height (Person developes Dowager's hump)
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| Define Extention in reference to body movements - | To straighten - (Increase angle between two bones) EX: to straighten elbow
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| Define Flexion in reference to body movements - | To bend - (To bring two bones closer & decrease angle) EX: bending elbow
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| Define Hyperextention in reference to body movements - | Occurs when a part of the body is extended beyond the anatomical postion - (Joint angle becomes greater than 180 degrees) EX: Moving the head backwards
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| Define Dorsiflexion in reference to body movements - | Flexion of the ankle in which the dorsum (top of foot) is lifted upward
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| Define Planter Flexion in reference to body movements - | Pushing out your foot (Increasing angle between the foot and leg) EX: Standing on your toes
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| Define Abduction in reference to body movements - | To take away (Moves a bone or limb away from the midline or axis of the body) EX: Move arm away from body; or to spread fingers
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| Define Adduction in reference to body movements - | To bring together - (Moves a bone or limb towards the midline or axis of the body) EX: to move arm closer to body; or to move fingers together
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| Define Rotation in reference to body movements - | Movement of a bone round its own axis - EX: Shaking your head no
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| Define Supination in reference to body movements - | Specialized rotation of the wrist or forearm that turns the palm forward or anteriorly
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| Define Pronation in reference to body movements - | Opposite of supination - turns hand down or posteriorly
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| Define Circumduction in reference to body movements - | Circular movement of a body segment (Pitcher rotating shoulder in a circle)
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| Define Inversion in reference to body movements - | Movement of the sole of the foot inward (Turning bottom of foot inward)
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| Define Eversion in reference to body movements - | Movement of the sole of the foot outward (Turning bottom of foot outward or lateraly)
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| Define complete fracture - | Bone breaks all the way across
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| Define incomplete fracture - | Bone breaks, but not all the way through
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| Define open fracture - | A fractured bone that brakes through the skin
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| Define closed - | Bone breaks but does not break skin
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| Define spiral fracture - | Bone breaks from a twisting action
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| Define transverse - | Break is staight
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| Define comminuted fracture - | Bone is smashed
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| Define displaced - | A break that requires surgery to set
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| Define Green stick - | Bone bends instead of breaking; common in babies
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| What are some examples of long bones? | Arms - Legs - radius - ulna - tibla - Fibula
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| What are some examples of short bones? | Hands - Feet - Wrist - Ankle
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| What are some examples of flat bones? | Pelvic girdle - skull - Sternum - Ribs - Scapula
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| What are some examples of irregular bones? | Vertabrae
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