BIO170 - Objective 1 - Disease
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| What is disease? | the failure of normal adaptive mechanisms to stress
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| What is stress? | the non-specific response of the body to any demand which is placed upon it
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| What are examples of universal stressors? | 1) physical trauma, temperature extremes, viral & microbial infections, toxins
2)stress can be physical, emotional, vocational, social, or cultural
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| What are the 4 components of a normal stress response? | 1) production of corticotropin releasing factor from hypothalamus; 2) release of corticotropin (ACTH) from pituitary 3) release of cortisol & other corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex 4) sympathetic response
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| Is stress handled the same in all individuals? | no - it is very individualized; stress thresholds vary and different stressors effect some individuals more than others
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| Generally, what are tropins responsible for? | growth & development
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| What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary? | the infundibulum (consists of neurons & blood vessels)
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| What controls the release of ACTH from the pituitary? What is another name for ACTH? | CRF (released by the hypothalamus) controls the release of ACTH; ACTH is aka corticotropin
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| What is the function of ACTH? | it stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
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| What is an example of a glucocorticoid? | cortisol
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| What are the body's 4 responses to cortisol? | 1) decreased inflammatory & immune response 2) elevated plasma glucose and amino acid concentration 3) lipolysis 4) increased plasma volume
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| What causes the decrease in the inflammatory & immune response? (4) | cortisol -> 1) causes a decrease in WBCs in the body (esp eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, & macrophages) 2) suppresses immunoglobulin production 3) decreases production of mediators 4) stabilizes the lysosomes inside the cells
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| What is another name for immunoglobins? | antibodies
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| What are examples of mediators? | histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, and others
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| Why are the lysosomes stabilized? What is the impact of this? | the lysosomes stabilize because cell function has decreased; the result is that the cells is less likely to self-destruct
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| What is another word for cellular self-destruction? | apoptosis
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| How does cortisol cause the elevation of plasma glucose? | gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
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| What is gluconeogenesis? | the production of glycogen from fats and proteins
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| What is glycogenolysis? | the splitting of stored glycogen from the liver (and muscle)
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| What is lipolysis? What is the impact of cortisol on lipolysis? | the breakdown of lipids (which can then be converted to glucose); cortisol causes redistribution of fats, from the extremities to the trunk, face, and back
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| What condition results from an excessive production of cortisol? | Cushing's syndrome (or Cushing's disease), characterized by moon face, hump back ("buffalo hump", heavy trunk, thin extremities
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| Why does cortisol cause increased plasma volume? | similar to aldosterone, cortisol causes increased blood sodium levels and accordingly, increased water retention, resulting in increased plasma volume
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| What is the impact of increased plasma volume? | 1) increased plasma volume benefits the transport of oxygen 2) causes hypertension due to dilation of blood vessels
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| What type of mechanism is sympathetic nervous system activation? | both a neural & hormonal mechanism
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| What are the components of the sympathetic response? | 1) sympathetic neurons are stimulated (autonomic nervous system); 2) adrenal medulla is stimulated; 3) various systemic effects are manifested
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| What does the adrenal medulla produce? Where are these substances released? | the adrenal medulla produces epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine; these hormones are released directly into the bloodstream
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| Why is sypmathetic arousal considered a systemic "whole body" response? | because neurotransmitters are produced at neural synapses and hormones are secreted into the bloodstream
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| What are the 6 systemic effects of the sympathetic response? | 1) increase in heart rate; 2) increase in strength of cardiac contraction; 3) increase in respiratory rate & depth (w/bronchodilation->improved oxygenation of blood); 4) CNS arousal; 5) increased blood pressure; 6) mydriasis
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| What causes the CNS to be aroused? | increased glucose metabolism & increased blood flow
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| How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation impact the various muscles? | 1) peripheral vasoconstriction affects all vascular beds except those to the skeletal muscles; 2) vasodilation to skeletal muscles improves oxygenation and performance of the muscle
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| What is the impact of sympathetic nervous stimulation to the heart? | vasoconstriction increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the increase in strength of myocardial contraction increases the venous return to the heart
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| What is mydriasis? | dilation of the pupil
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| What is acute? | rapid onset and development of symptoms; often used to indicate a severe condition
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| What is chronic? | slow onset and development of symptoms; often used to indicate a milder condition
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| What is congenital? | a condition that occurs during gestation, during embryonic or fetal development
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| What is the difference between genetic, hereditary, and familial diseases? | genetic & hereditary conditions have been investigated-genetic inheritance has been at least partially determined; in familial diseases, the disease is found in members of the same family group at a statistically higher rate than would be expected
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| What is an example of a genetic or hereditary condition? What is its genetic mutation? | Cystic Fibrosis is a condition which is inherited as part of a genetic mutation of chromosome 7
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| What is an example of a familial disease or trait? What is the increased risk? | coronary heart disease; an individual with a positive family history is 2-7 times more likely to contract the disease
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| Why is familial disease not considered genetic or hereditary? | because the pattern of genetic inheritance has not yet been completely determined
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| What is idiopathic disease? | disease whose cause has not been determined
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| What is an example of a idiopathic disease? | idiopathic hypertension (the most common form)
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| What are iatrogenic or nosocomial illnesses? | Diseases & disorders caused by medical or surgical care; examples of iatrogenic conditions include postoperative infection or bleeding (i.e. would not have occurred w/o the surgery); nosocomial diseases & disorders are caused by hospitalization
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