Airway Management (Chapter 7 of EMT)
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| What is Agonal Respirations? | Short, irregular, and gasping breaths interspersed with long periods of apnea, usually signifying imminent death. (Agonal Gasps).
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| Apnea | The absence of spontaneous respiration.
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| Provision of breaths to a patient with inadequate or absent ventilatory effort.. is..? | Assisted Ventilation
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| What is Carina? | The point at which the trachea divides into the left and right mainstem bronchi.
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| Cricoid Cartilage | Ring-shaped cartilaginous structure at the junction of the larynx (the voice box) with the trachea. It's only first cartilage ring after Thyroid cartilage.
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| Cyanosis | Blue discoloration of the skin is sign of poor O2 delivery to the tissues. The hemoglobin (red blood cells)takes on a bluish color when it doesn't bound of oxygen. Thus high % of "poor" hemoglobin delivered to the tissues, the tissue became blue. Suppl O2
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| A surgical opening in the neck through which the patient can breath. | Stoma
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| Nasal Cannula | Is the oxygen tubing with two small prongs (for the nostrils) that supply the oxygen to the nasal mucosa. Delivered oxygen into the airway is 6 liters per 1 min. (6 L/min). Delivered oxygen to the alveoli is only 24%. Use-patient needs help with breathing
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| Non-Rebreather Mask (NRM) | (Partial Rebreather). Is using to provides oxygen to a SPONTANEOUS breathing. Inspiration breath contains - 90% of oxyden. Use 15 liters per 1 min. (15 L/min). The NRM consists of: Face Mask, Bag Reservoir, One way flow valve (for rich oxygen).
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| Partial Rebreather (PR) | Non-Rebreather Mask. Inspiration contains 90% of oxygen. Use only for spontaneus breathing. 15 liters per 1 min. (15 L/min).
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| The physiologic process by which oxygen delivered into the lungs, tissues, and cells, for exchanged of waste products. | Respiration
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| Erythrocytes | The Red Blood cells. The cells contain molecules of hemoglobin that bind oxygen to the bloodstream across the alveolar membranes.
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| The mechanical process in with oxygen (O2)changed to the carbon dioxide (CO2)by inspired and exhaled. | Ventilation
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| Ventilation is the main function of ____? | The respiratory system
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| A system of air passages formed by the nose, mouth, the pharynx, the larynx, and the trachea. | Upper Respiratory Tract.
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| Lower Respiratory Tract includes | The trachea, The bronchial tree, The lungs.
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| The Pharynx is a _____ Respiratory Tract. It includes ____, ____, ____. | The Pharynx is a upper respiratory tract. It includes three parts: nasopharyx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
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| The Voice Box | Larynx. The Larynx consists of Epiglottis (moves up and down during swallowing, prevent food/liquids from trachea), True and False Vocal Cords (the vibration of it produces the voice), Glottis (space between the Vocal Folds where the air is passes).
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| The Membrane that lies in the space between the tryroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage. | Cricothyroid Membrane.
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| Inspiration | Inhaled
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| Exhalation | Is a mechanical process in which the diaphragm is relaxes and in preinhalation size.
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| Tidal Volume | The amount of air taken into the lungs with a single inspiration. A healthy adult breathes in - 500 ml.
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| The number of tidal volume and breasing per minute of an adult peerson, is called? | Minute Ventilation. The adult person gives 12 to 20 breathing per 1 min. And 500 ml of tidal volume.
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| What factors can affect the minute ventilation? | 1. Deep of breathing. 2. Volume of breathing. 3. Numbers of breathing per min. (quick and slow)
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| Respiratory Difficulty | Dyspnea. The patient not able to breath adequately, resulting from anxious (anxiety) or/and an abnormally high rate.
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| Anxiety includes | Anxiety includes: Upset, Diaphoretic (sweating/cold), Hyperventilation, Tachycardic (fast pulse), Restlesss, Tense, Fearful (frightened), Tremulous (shaky).
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| Sings of Obstruction | The patient may show signs of panic, agitation before unconsciousness stage. THE KEY of your actions is Look + Listen.
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| The high-pitched sound caused by air passes through an abnormally, narrowed the RESPIRATORY TRACT. You can hear it during inspiration. | Stridor.
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| Infant's rate of breathing | 25 to 50 breaths per 1 min. (25-50/min).
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| Adults rate of breathing | 12 to 20 breaths/min.
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| Child rate of Breathing | 15 to 30 breaths/min.
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| The volume of gas that stay in the respiratory tract during of inspiration and exhalation and does reach the alveoli. | Dead Space. Adults have the volume of gas about 150 ml.
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| "See-Saw movement" | Is Paradoxical Breath or Respiratory Distress. It is the movement of the chest and abdominal wall muscles during the ventilation. Found in infants and children.
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| High-pitched sound that signifies air passes BRONCHIOLES in the LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT. Loud during expiration. Found in the asthmatic patients. | Wheezing.
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| Rales | Is the crackling sounds by fluid-filled or collapsed alveoli during inspiration. Fluids in the alveoli cause by: Infection, Hemorrhage, Cardiac Decompensation.
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| Opening of the airway of unconscious patients. | The patient has obstruction of the airway. The tongue blacked the oropharynx. Reposition the jaw would pull the tongue in a correct position.
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| Opening of the airway of unconsious + nonbreathing patient (without spine injury). | Place the pationt in the supine position. If the patient does not have spine injury use "Head Tilt-Chin Lift" maneuver.
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| Opening of the airway of the patient with a cervical spine injury. | Use the "jaw thrust" maneuver.
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| Suctioning of the airway includes | Oral secretions, blood, food particles, loose teeth, and other objects that may block the oropharynx.
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| Portable Suction Unit (PSU) | For unconscious pations. It is the mechanism that vacuum any fluids and food from the oropharynx. Use the power - 300 mm Hg. Use the cycle of 15 sec of secretion and 2 min of look+listen+feel. If the pariont became conscious remove PSU immediately.
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| Is using for the unconscious patients without gag reflex. | Oropharyngeal Airways
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| Is using for the unconscious patients with intact gag reflex. | Nasopharyngeal Airways. Using "A pliable tube".
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| Protective Barrier Devices (PBD) | For a nonbreathing patient. It is mouth to Barrier Ventilation. Putt the PBD on the patient's face, give 1 breath per 4 to 5 seconds (for adults). And 1 breath /3 sec to infants and children.
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| Bag-Mask Device (BMD) | Is a mask with a bag and oxygen. Use for normalisation of the breathing as well as for nonbreathing patient. Supply the oxygen to the patient - 15 liters per 1 min. (15 L/min). Squeeze the bag 1 time per 5 sec (adults). Children - 1 squeeze/3 sec.
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| Stridor | Swelling of the airway. Treat with humidified oxygen, ALS
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| Crowing | Airway obstruction or swelling. Treat with humidified oxygen, ALS
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| Gurgling | Fluids in the airway. Treat use suction (PSU).
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| Wheezing | Constriction of the lower airways (bronchioles). Treat with oxygen and a bronchodilator, ALS
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| Grunting | Respiratory distress. Heard in newborns who have difficulty breathing (exhaletion). Treat with high-flow oxygen, ALS
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| Snoring | Tongue obstructing the airway. Reposition the airway, oral or nasal airway
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| Labored Respirations | затрудненного дыхания. Respiratory compromise. Treat with oxygen, ALS
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| Apneustic | Long, deep breaths with periods of apnea between. Signs of stroke, severe brain damage or disease
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| Ataxic or Biot's | Irregular, shallow and deep breaths. Sings of Stroke
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| Cheyne-Stokes | Respirations start slow and shallow. It increase in rate and depth (deep). Then decrease with periods of apnea between. Signs of Stroke, metabolic problems.
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| Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation | Continuous deep breaths. The rate may be slow or fast. Signs of Acidosis, Brain trauma
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| Kussmaul's | Regular deep breaths, visually rapid. Signs of Acidosis, commonly associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (pH of the blood below 7).
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| Rapid pulse | Cause of Shock, drugs, cardiac problems, hypoxia, exertion, dehydration. Treat with oxygen, cooling, ALS.
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| Slow pulse | Cause of Drugs, Cardiac problem. Treat with oxygen, ALS
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| Irregular pulse | Cardiac problem. Treat with oxygen, apply cardiac monitor, ALS
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| Weak pulse | Shock, Vascular compromise. Treat for shock, supply oxygen, ALS, and reassess splinting.
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| Pale | Shock (hypoperfusion). Treat with oxygen, for shock, ALS
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| Flushed | Heart emergency, allergic reaction. Treat with oxygen, cool if the patient feels hot, monitor for anaphylaxis as needed.
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| Jaundiced | Liver problem. Treat with oxygen, assess for gastrointestinal bleeding.
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| Mottled | Mottled skin collor cause of shock (hypoperfusion). Treat with oxygen, for shock, ALS
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| Moist | That skin collor indicat shock, heart emergency. Treat with oxygen, for shock, ALS
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| Dry skin | Dehydration. Treat with oxygen, for shock, ALS
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| Cold skin | Cold emergencies. Treat with oxygen, warm, ALS
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| Cool skin | Shock (hypoperfusion). Treat with oxygen, for shock, ALS
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