Endocrinology
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| what are the 3 different biochemical classes of hormones? | what are the 3 different biochemical classes of hormones?
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| what terminology do we use with peptides? | proteins are chains of amion acids and specific terminology is used to indicate approximate lengths of amino acid chains when discussing peptides; a very long chain of amion acids (hundreds in length) is simply referred to as a protein
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| what are the 4 types of peptide hormones? | modified amino acids, octapeptides, polypeptides, protein
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| what are examples of modified amino acids? | thyroxine and epinephrine; their chemical structures are basically modified amino acids
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| what are examples of octapeptides? | ADH and oxytocin
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| what are examples of polypeptides? | insulin and the hypothalamic releasing factors
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| what are examples of proteins? | growth hormone and prolactin
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| how are the steroid hormones produced? | from cholesterol
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| what are the 3 types of steroid hormones? | sex hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol
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| what are some of the sex hormones? | estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, and other androgens
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| where is aldosterone produced? What is another name for aldosterone? | by the adrenal cortex; aka mineralocorticoid
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| where is cortisol produced? What is another name for cortisol? | by the adrenal cortex; aka mineralocorticoid
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| what are prostaglandins? | modified fatty acids which have hormone-like activity
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| what is the mechanism of hormone action? | a hormone produces its action by binding to receptors associated with specific target cells; the target cell will then modify its metabolism in some specific way in response to hormonal stimulation
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| what is the exact mechanism of hormone/receptor binding? | differs depending on the type of hormone
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| where are the hormone receptors of target cells located? | in the target cell membrane, within the cytoplasm, or within the nuclei
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| what is the mechanism by which protein hormones act? | the second messenger system; proteins are water-soluble molecules and cannot freely diffuse across cell membranes
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| how does the secondary messenger system get its name? | the hormone binds to a membrane receptor and this activates another substance in the target cell cytoplasm which then acts as a chemical signal, or "second messenger" (with the hormone being the first) that brings about a response in the target cell
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| what happens when a peptide hormone binds with a membrane receptor? | it affects a membrane protein complex called a G protein complex within the target cell membrane, which can now induce changes in the target cell
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| what types of changes can occur in the target cell, after the peptide hormone binds with a membrane receptor? | opening or closing of ion channels (affecting permeability), activation of enzymes, or activation of secondary messengers such as cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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| what occurs once secondary messengers are activated? | opening or closing of ion channels (affecting permeability), activation of enzymes, or activation of secondary messengers such as cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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| what happens when TSH binds to thyroid cells? | in response, they produce thyroxine
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| how do steroid hormones act? | they are lipid-soluble, so they can freely pass thru target cell membranes to directly stimulate cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
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| what happens when the steroid hormone binds to receptors? | it acts as a transcription factor to regulate the genetic activity of the target cell, producing a specific response
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| how do prostaglandins act? | these are also lipid-soluble and generally act by binding to cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors
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| what is another name for the pituitary? The anterior pituitary? The posterior pituitary? | the pituitary is aka hypophysis; the anterior pituitary is aka adenohypophysis; the posterior pituitary is aka neurohypophysis
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| what is the anterior pituitary composed of? | glandular tissue
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| where is the pituitary located? | inferior to the hypothalamus; has a vascular connection to the hypothalamus called the infundibulum or hypophyseal portal system; divided into the anterior and posterior pituitary
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| what are the 6 major hormones produced by the anterior pituitary? | somatotrophic hormone (STH); growth hormone (GH);
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH); thyrotrophin;
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH);
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH) or interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH);
prol
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| what is the function of somatotrophic hormone (growth hormone)? | stimulates growth of bone and most soft tissues (increased muscle mass);
deficiency: causes a form of dwarfism
excess prior to epiphyseal closure cause giantism;
excess after epiphyseal closure cause acromegaly
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