Chest, Abdomen and Back
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| Difference between the 7 true ribs and the 5 false ribs? | The true ribs articulate to sternum, false ribs to the costal cartilage above them.
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| Two main problems in the chest are because of? | Mesoderm Migration or Differentiation of the cells.
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| Sternum is made up of what parts? | Ribs, sternal bars, clavicles.
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| Pectus Excavatum | Seen in Coffin Lowry syndrome. Surgical procedure to fix.
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| Pectus Carinatum | Pidgin Breast. Seen in Homocystinuria. Surgical or breast plate.
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| Shield chest | Turner syndrome.
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| Fused/Bifid ribs | Gorlin Syndrome.
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| Scoliosis | Deformation.
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| Dysplaisas of Chest | Cleidocranial dysostosis, many bone dysplasias and mucopolysaccharidoses.
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| Malformations (most common) of Chest | Poland syndrome - absent pectoralis major muscle. Beaded ribs and Short sternum, Cleft sternum, Ectopia Cordis.
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| Diastasis Recti | The abs aren't connected so there is a gap which will bulge when the child cries or strains.
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| Umbilical Hernia | Herniation of the intestines into the umbilicus.
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| Ventral Hernia | Lateral herniation to the midline
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| 2 vessel cord | Single Umbilical artery, 1% of newborns
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| Deformations of the Abdomen | Long Cord, Short Cord, Umbilical cord knot.
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| Disruptions of the Abdomen | Absence of abdominal muscle - Prune Belly
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| Dysplasias of the Abdomen | Hepatosplenomegaly, Shrunken liver. Size/consistency of liver and spleen.
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| Malformations of the Abdomen | Omphalocele, Hernia into the umbilical cord, Gastroschesis. Situs Inversus, Meckel's diverticulum, Urachus, Inguinal Hernias.
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| Situs Inversus | Major organs are reversed/mirrored.
Totalis - Heart on right side
Abdominus - Only organs below diaphragm are reversed.
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| Meckel's diverticulum | Remnant of the vitelline duct or yolk stalk
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| Urachus | Urachal sinus - Dilation into the bladder or at the umbilicus
Urachal cyst - remnant of epithelial liniing of urachus
Urachal Fistula - no closure.
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| Kyphosis | Convex curvature. Spine is bowed out making a hump.
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| Lordosis | Concave curvature. Achondroplasia.
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| Scoliosis | Lateral curvature
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| Minor variants of the Back | Trunk length, Lumbar Lordosis, Bifid Spinous (C2-C3, Sacral dimples, Pigmentation, Hair
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| Deformations of the Back | Scoliosis, Gibbus, Platyspondyly, Winged scapulas, Unusual protrusion
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| Malformations of the Back | Scoliosis, Scapular abnormalities, Hypoplastic scapulas, Pilonidal dimple tethered cord, Arnold Chiari, Lipomas, sacrococcygeal teratoma, Spinal dysraphism - Spina bifida occulta, Meningocele, Myelomenigocele, spinal rachischisis.
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| Arnold-Chiari malformation | can be caused by tethered cord, Herniation of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum
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| Spina bifida occulta | mildest form, marked by lipoma, hemangioma, hairy patch.
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| Meningocele | Spinal membranes protrude through spinal canal, lower lumbar or sacral.
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| Myelomenigocle | Most serious form of spina bifida. Problems with movement and sensation below the level of defect.
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| Spinal rachischisis | Failure of fusion of a large part of neural tube, anencephaly iniencephaly.
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