H&C F& E NUR 235
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluids located inside cells is called | intracellular
🗑
|
||||
| Fluids outside cells is called | extracellular
🗑
|
||||
| ECF is divided into 3 types....name them | interstitial, intravascular and transcellular
🗑
|
||||
| Water that surrounds the body cells including lymph is called? | interstitial
🗑
|
||||
| fluid and electrolytes move between what types of fluid referred to as plasma? | interstitial and intravascular fluid
🗑
|
||||
| where is transcellular fluid found? | CSF, digestive juices and synovial joints
🗑
|
||||
| what hormone controls water primarily | ADH
🗑
|
||||
| where is ADH released from? | pituitary gland
🗑
|
||||
| what is the most common example of active transport? | sodium potassium pump
🗑
|
||||
| where is the sodium and potassium pump located? | in the cell membrane
🗑
|
||||
| what type of transport is it when there is no energy expended? | passive
🗑
|
||||
| what are the 3 passive transports? | diffusion, filtration and osmosis
🗑
|
||||
| what does filtration do? | moves water, nutrients and waste products in the capillaries
🗑
|
||||
| What is osmosis? | movment of water from an area of lower substance concentration to an area of higher concentration
🗑
|
||||
| what is the normal osmolarity of blood | 270-300 milliosmoles per liter
🗑
|
||||
| what is another term for osmolarity? | tonicity
🗑
|
||||
| what are the 3 classifications of tonicity? | isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
🗑
|
||||
| what happens on a cellular level when a hypotonic solution is given to a patient? | water leaves the blood and other ECF areas
🗑
|
||||
| what happens when a h ypertonic solution is given to a patient? | water leaves the cells and enters the bloodstream and other ECF spaces
🗑
|
||||
| Why are older adults more prone to FV deficit? | they have diminished thirst reflex and kidneys do not function as effectively
🗑
|
||||
| how much sensible and insensible fluid does an adult lose each day? | 2500 ml
🗑
|
||||
| What are sensible losses? | those that occur with the person recognizing the loss
🗑
|
||||
| Why are infants at risk for FV deficit | because they take in and excrete a large portion of their total body water each day
🗑
|
||||
| When does hypovolemia occur? | when a person is hemorrhaging or when fluids from other body parts is lost
🗑
|
||||
| What is 3rd spacing? | when fluid from the intravascular space moves into the interstitial fluid space
🗑
|
||||
| When can 3rd spacing occur? | burns , trauma, liver cirrhosis
🗑
|
||||
| What is tenting? | poor skin turgor where skin remains at a pulled up position for a prolonged period of time
🗑
|
||||
| at what point is dehydration considered when referring to urinary output | when <30ml/hr
🗑
|
||||
| why does a dehydrated person become constipated | because water is pulled from the feces in an attempt to rehydrate the body
🗑
|
||||
| What 2 lab levels would you expect to see elevated with dehydration | BUN, Hct
🗑
|
||||
| what type of fluid is used commonly for dehydration | isotonic
🗑
|
||||
| where do you assess for skin turgor on the elderly | forehead or sternum
🗑
|
||||
| what is the most reliable indicator of fluid loss or gain | weight
🗑
|
||||
| how often should someone in the hospital for dehydration be weighed? | daily
🗑
|
||||
| when should someone be weighted | at the same time before breakfast using the same scale
🗑
|
||||
| what is the expected clinical outcome when someone is treated for dehydration | adequate hydration and not experience any further episode of dehydration
🗑
|
||||
| What culture may place themselves at risk for dehyration during Ramadan? | Muslims
🗑
|
||||
| what is the most common result of fluid overload? | hypervolemia
🗑
|
||||
| what conditions cause FV overload? | excessive intake of fluid, poorly controlled IVs and excessive irrigation of wounds or body cavities
🗑
|
||||
| what conditions can result in fluid volume excess? | renal failure, heart failure, SIADH
🗑
|
||||
| what are the signs and symptoms of FV overload? | elevated BP, pulse bounding, respirations increased but shallow, pitting edema in LE, skin cool, pale
🗑
|
||||
| how does the urine appear in FV overload? | diluted, like water
🗑
|
||||
| what respiratory symptom is found on auscultation with FVO? | crackles
🗑
|
||||
| what happens to BUN and HCT with FVO? | they tend to decrase due to hemodilution
🗑
|
||||
| what happens to the specific gravity of the urine in FVO? | decreases
🗑
|
||||
| what position is desired with FVO? | semi or high fowler's
🗑
|
||||
| with COPD what is the max desired oxygen delivery rate? | 2 L/min
🗑
|
||||
| what drugs are frequently used to address FVO? | Lasix, diuretics
🗑
|
||||
| What med is used normally in conjunction with lasix? | potassium
🗑
|
||||
| How much weight gain is considered fluid retention? | 1-2 lb per day
🗑
|
||||
| what foods are typically highest in potassium? | oranges, citrus, melons, bananas, and potatoes
🗑
|
||||
| in the home setting how often should a person be weighed if he is at risk for FVO? | 3 times weekly
🗑
|
||||
| what are the 2 types of electrolytes | cations and anions
🗑
|
||||
| what electrolytes have a positive charge | cations
🗑
|
||||
| what are some common cations? | sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium
🗑
|
||||
| what is a common anion? | chloride
🗑
|
||||
| How much sodium does 1 tsp of table salt have? | 2000mg
🗑
|
||||
| what veggie has a high amount of potassium | avocado
🗑
|
||||
| what is the normal sodium level? | 135 to 145 mEq/L
🗑
|
||||
| What is the sodium level with hyponatremia? | less than 135 mEq/L
🗑
|
||||
| what is the s/sx of hyponatremia? | vague normally associated with the s/sx of the fluid status
🗑
|
||||
| What may the patient experience with low sodium level? | mental status changes, disorientation, confusion and personality changes, cerebral edema, weakness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| what happens in severe hyponatremia? | respiratory arrest, coma
🗑
|
||||
| what is the IV solution of choice in one with hyponatremia? | isotonic or 3% saline
🗑
|
||||
| what is administered with those with cerebral edema? | steroids
🗑
|
||||
| What is the sodium level in hypernatremia? | >145 mEq/L
🗑
|
||||
| what is the difference between relative or actual increase in sodium? | actual = when someone takes in too much sodium relative= when someone is unable to excrete sodium
🗑
|
||||
| What is usually the first symptom to appear in hypernatremia? | thirst
🗑
|
||||
| what happens "at first" with hypernatremia with regards to signs? | muscle twitches and unusual contractions
🗑
|
||||
| What are the later signs of hypernatremia? | skeletal muscle weakness, leading to respiratory failure
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most reliable test for hypernatremia? | serum sodium level
🗑
|
||||
| if there is a fluid imbalance with hypernatremia what is treated first ? | fluid balance is treated first
🗑
|
||||
| what may be needed if kidneys are not functioning properly | hemodialysis
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most common electrolyte in the ECF? | potassium
🗑
|
||||
| what is potassium especially important for? | cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle function
🗑
|
||||
| What is the K level in hypokalemia | below 3.5 mEq/L
🗑
|
||||
| when does hypokalemia most often occur? | as a result of medication
🗑
|
||||
| what meds commonly cause hypokalemia | diuretics, digitalis, steroids
🗑
|
||||
| What also contributes to hypokalemia (think GI) | vomiting, diarrhea, prolonged suction, major surgery ahdn hemorrhage
🗑
|
||||
| What occurs with both hypo and hyperkalemia with regards to signs? | muscle cramping
🗑
|
||||
| What are the signs of hypokalemia? | skeletal muscle activity dminishes, shallow ineffective respirations, pulse is weak, irregular and thready, dysrhythmia, orthostatic hypotension
🗑
|
||||
| what nervous system changes are seen with a lab potassium value of 2.8 mEq/L? | changes in mental status, lethargy
🗑
|
||||
| What happens to the GI system with hypokalemia? | slowed , nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, constipation
🗑
|
||||
| what complication from hypkalemia puts a patient at risk for death? | dysrhythmia
🗑
|
||||
| what is the goal of treatment with hypokalemia? | replace potassium
🗑
|
||||
| what is given for treatment of severe hypokalemia? | IV potassium
🗑
|
||||
| can potassium be given IVP? | NO
🗑
|
||||
| What is the lab value associated with hyperakalemia? | K greater than 5 mEq/L
🗑
|
||||
| What may cause hyperkalemia?> | salt substitues, excess intake of potassium supplement, potassium sparing diuretics, renal failure
🗑
|
||||
| What is the classic manifestation of hyperkalemia on assessment? | muscle twitches and cramps
🗑
|
||||
| What follows muscle twitching and cramps with hyperkalemia? | profound muscle weakness, increased GI motility, slow irregular heart rate, decreased BP
🗑
|
||||
| what is the med treatement for hyperkalemia>? | kayexalate
🗑
|
||||
| What is the normal value for Caclium levels | 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
🗑
|
||||
| what is the lab reference for hypocalcemia? | below 8.5 mg/dL
🗑
|
||||
| who is most at risk for hypocalcemia | postmenopausal woman
🗑
|
||||
| what is the condition called when the parathyroid stimulates calcium from bone to be released? | osteoporosis
🗑
|
||||
| who is at highest risk for osteoporosis? | thin, petite, caucasian women
🗑
|
||||
| What GI disease is often associated with hypocalcemia? | Crohns
🗑
|
||||
| How much calcium should an adult age 19 to 50 take? | 1000mg
🗑
|
||||
| what should the intake of calcium be for adults over age of 50 | 1200mg
🗑
|
||||
| What is an inexpensive suggestion for calcium supplements? | TUMS
🗑
|
||||
| When is chronic hypocalcemia usually diagnosed? | when someone breaks a bone usually a hip
🗑
|
||||
| When does acute hypocalcemia occur? | after surgery or in patient with acute pancreatitis
🗑
|
||||
| What are the signs and symptoms of acute hypocalcemia? | incr. and irreg heart rate, mental status changes, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, increased gi motiltiy and diarrhea
🗑
|
||||
| a tap on the face below and infront of the ear resulting in a twitch on that side of the face is called what sign? | Chvostek's
🗑
|
||||
| What IV preparations of calcium are given? | calcium chloride or calcium gluconate
🗑
|
||||
| What med should be available for emergency use after thyroid or parathyroid surgery? | calcium gluconate or calcium chloride
🗑
|
||||
| What can cause chronic hypercalcemia? | excess intake, renal failure, cancers, hyperparathyroidism
🗑
|
||||
| What is the sign and symptoms of chronic or slow onset hypercalcemia? | none
🗑
|
||||
| What are the signs of acute hypercalcemia? | incrased heart rate and blood pressure, skeletal muscle weakness, decreased GI motility, decreased clotting capability
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most useful IV solution in treating hypercalcemia? | saline
🗑
|
||||
| What may be used if the hypercalcemia is severe? | hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, ultrafiltration
🗑
|
||||
| What is the normal lab reference for magnesium? | 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
🗑
|
||||
| What are the causes of hypomagnesemia? | malnutrition and starvation diets, severe diarrhea, Crohn'
🗑
|
||||
| What is one of the MAJOR causes of hypomagnesemia? | alcoholism
🗑
|
||||
| What types of drugs contribute to hypomagnesemia? | loop and osmotic diuretics, aminoglucosides, anticancer agents
🗑
|
||||
| what is the goal of management of hypomagnesemia? | replacement and treating the underlying cause
🗑
|
||||
| When are the signs of hypermagnesemia usually present? | when the serum level exceeds 4 mEq/L
🗑
|
||||
| What are the signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia? | bradycardia, hypotension, lethargy, drowsiness, skeletal muscle weakness,
🗑
|
||||
| What is the treatment option for hypermagnesemia with those in renal failure? | dialysis
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
Kelly Quijano
Popular Nursing sets