Chapters 5-9
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Star | Self-luminous sphere of gas. Transform matter from lighter elements into heavier ones.
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| Universe | All space along with all the matter & radiation in space. About 14 billion years old, since the Big Bang, & made up of mostly hydrogen with little helium.
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| Solar System (Our) | The Sun, planets, their satellites, asteroids, comets, & related objects that orbit the Sun. About 4 million years old & contain very little hydrogen & helium.
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| Hydrogen fusion (hydrogen burning) | The thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen to produce helium.
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| Fission Theory | Theory that the Moon formed from matter flung off the Earth because the planet was rotating extremely fast
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| Young solar system | Gravity, rotation, & heart shaped
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| Solar nebula | Cloud of gas & dust from which the Sun & the rest of the solar system formed. Diameter of about 100 AU like the "Orion Nebula"
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| Angular momentum | A measure of how much energy an object has stored in its rotation and/or revolution.
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| Protosun | The Sun prior to the time when hydrogen fusion began in its core.
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| Protoplanetary disk (proplyd) | A disk of material encircling a protostar or a newborn star.
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| Heavy elements stayed in central area lighter elements are pushed out | "We are literally made of star dust"
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| Collisions in the early solar system | led to the formation of planets
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| A planet orbits a star. | A moon or natural satellites orbits a planet.
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| Order of planet formation: | Planetesimals > Protoplanets > Planets
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| Planetesimal | Primordial asteroid-like object from which the planets accreted
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| Protoplanet | Embryonic stage of a planet when it is grown because of collisions with planetesimals
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| Core-acceretion model | Traditional theory of giant planet formation that begins with terrestrial planets slowly pulling abundant amounts of water, hydrogen, & helium onto themselves.
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| Gravitational instability model | Theory of giant planet formation in which gases collapse together quickly, without the need for a seed terrestrial planet to form first.
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| Orbital inclination | Tilt or angle of an object's orbital plane around the Sun compared to the ecliptic. All less than 7 degrees.
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| Craters | Circular depression on a celestial body caused by the impact of a meteoroid, asteroid, or comet or by a volcano. Common in early solar system.
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| Radioactive dating of moon rocks | 3.8 billion years ago
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| Minor debris from the formation of the solar system | still exists.
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| Types of debris from formation of the solar system | Asteroid belts, Comets, & Meteoroids
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| Asteroid belt | A 1 1/2 AU wide region between the orbits of Mars & Jupiter in which most of the asteroids are found.
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| Comet | Small body of ice & dust in orbit about the Sun. While passion near the Sun, a comet's vaporized ices gives rise to a coma, tails, & a hydrogen envelope.
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| Meteoroid | Small rock in interplanetary space
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| KBO's (Kuiper Belt Objects) - Especially big 1s | Pluto, Eris, Quaoar & Sedna
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| Kuiper belt | Doughnut-shaped ring of space around the Sun beyond Pluto that contains many frozen comet bodies, some of which are occasionally deflected toward the inner solar system.
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| Oort cloud | Hollow spherical region of the solar system beyond the Kuiper belt where most comets are believed to spend most of their time.
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| Comparative planetology | Orbits - Size - Mass - Density - Spectra - Albedo - Moons
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| Planet | Object orbiting a star that is held together by its own gravitational force in a nearly spherical shape, that is able to clear its neighborhood of debris, & is not the moon (or satellite) of a larger orbiting body
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| dust & extrasolar planets | orbit a breathtaking variety of stars
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| Earth | unique of all planets, covered with 71% mostly liquid water
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| Atmosphere | 4 to 1 mix of nitrogen to oxygen, presently is the third to envelop our planet
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| Carbon dioxide | important because it blocks UV rays & helps form oxygen
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| Atmospheric pressure | 14.7 lbs per square inch
Pressure = Force/Area
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| Pressure = | Force/Area
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| Lower layers of the Atmosphere | Troposphere & Stratosphere
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| Troposphere | lowest level of the Earth's atmosphere
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| Stratosphere | second layer in the Earth's atmosphere, directly above the troposphere
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| Ozone layer | lower stratosphere, where most of the ozone in the air exists
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| Ozone holes |
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| Upper layers of atmosphere | Mesosphere & Ionosphere (thermosphere)
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| Mesosphere | layer in the Earth's atmosphere above the stratosphere
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| Ionosphere (thermosphere) | region of Earth's atmosphere, above the mesosphere, in which sunlight ionizes many atoms
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| Carbon dioxide & Greenhouse effect | today 30 degrees centigrade warmer
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| Plate tectonics | produce major changes of Earth's surface
proposed by Newton
Alfred Wegener introduced idea in 1915
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| Continental drift - Pangaea | - Volcanoes - Mountain formation - earthquakes
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| Continental drift | gradual movement of the continents over the surface of the Earth due to plate tectonics
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| Earth's interior consists of | rocky mantle & an iron-rich core
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| Planetary differentiation produces | a layered structure - core & mantle
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| Surface density | 5520 km/m3 temp 290
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| center density | 5000 K
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Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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