Budgeting and Management for the AICP Exam
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| Staff Functions | Provide Services to other governmental entities
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| Line Functions | Provide services directly to the public (i.e. subdivision reviews, rezoning cases, code enforcement)
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| GAM stands for: | Goals Acheivement Matrix
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| GAM | Chart that shows the anticipated attainment of a project's goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group
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| Gantt Chart | Focuses on a sequence of tasks necessary for project completion. Each task is represented as a horizontal bar on an XY chart. X is time.
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| Linear Programming | project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution
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| PERT stands for: | Program Evaluationand Review Techinique
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| PERT | Scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationship of the project tasks. Identify milestones, determine sequence, network diagram, critical path, update PERT chart as project progresses
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| CPM stands for: | Critical Path Method
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| CPM | tool to analyze a project. The analysis results in a "critical path" through the project tasks. each task has a know amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before its previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway.
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| PERT and CPM work when? | A project is of a large scale. Using software.
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| Strategic Planning | used to assist in guiding the future. Sets goals, objectives, and policies for reaching objectives.
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| Strategic Plan should address major questions: | 1. What is the current situation and how is it going to change? 2. Where are we going as an org? 3. How will we get there?
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| Eight elements of a Strategic Plan | 1Analyze the community's needs 2Identify results-det the long-term objectives that will be pursued 3Admit uncertainties-SWOT analysis relating to the objectives 4Inv stakeholders 5.Dev & eval alt's 6ID role of City 7Dev funding policy 8Eval performance
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| Strategic Planning is ________ -term in focus and is specific in accomplishing certain________________ | short, objectives
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| An operating budget includes: | the everyday expenditures of an organization, such as supplies, personnel, and maintenance of office space
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| A capital budget includes: | long-term purchases, such as a new building, a rec center, water main, or majore equipment.
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| Capital Budget is for the period of | one year
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| Capital Improvements Program is for the period of | Five to ten years
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| CIP includes | project descriptions, estimated costs, construction timeline, and sources of funding
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| Budgeting can be used for (name 5) | resource allocation, financial control management control, a communication tool, a planning tool
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| Line-item Budgeting | the emphasis is on projecting the budget for the next year and adding in inflationary costs
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| Advantages of Line Item Budgeting | Does not require eval of existing services, is easy to prepare and justify, and is easy for public officials to understand
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| Disadvantages of Line Item Budgeting | lack of flexibility, lack between budget request and objectives of the organization
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| Line-Item Budget looks at ________ year(s) and is not linked to: | ONE, strategic, comprehensive, or capital improvement plans.
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| PPBS stands for: | Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems
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| PPBS is focused on planning through | accomplishing goals set by the department
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| Advantage of PPBS | it helps deparments place programs in perspective and evaluate efforts and accomplishments
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| Disadvantages of PPBS | Time consuming, requires goals and objectives to be stated in measurable terms
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| PPBS includes: | Program mission statements, objectives, and indicators of success.
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| ZBB stands for: | Zero Based Budgeting
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| ZBB | Emphasizes Planning and fosters understanding within all units of the organization
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| Performance Based Budgeting is focused on | linking funding to performance measures.
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| Pay-as-you-go Financing | uses current funds to pay for capital improvement projects
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| Reserve Funds | are ones that have been saved for the purchase of future capital improvements
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| General Obligation Bonds | are voter approved bonds for capital improvements. GO Bonds use the tax revenue of the gov. to pay back the debt
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| Revenue Bonds | use a fixe source of revenue to pay back debt. i.e. water use fees could be used to pay back revenue bonds for a water main
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| TIF stands for | Tax Increment Financing
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| TIF allows a designated area to | have tax revenue increases used for capital improvements in the area
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| Special Assessments | allow a particular group of people to be assesssed the cost of a public improvement.
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| Lease-purchase allows a governement to | "rent to own"
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| GRANTS are available to government by | all levels of government, the private sector and foundations
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| Taxes are used to generate revenue to: | finance government and redistribute income
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| Three types of taxes: | Progressive, proportional, and regressive
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| Progressive Taxes | The tax rate increases as income rises
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| Proportional Tax | The tax rate is the same regardless of income
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| Regressive Tax | The tax rate decreases as income rises
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| Criteria used for the implementation of a tax: | fairness, certainty, convenience, efficiency, productivity, and neutrality
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| Tax-Write off | when governments offer tax inventives in order to attract economic development
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| Design Charette | intensive collaborative effort that brings together citizens, stakeholders, and staff to develop a detailed design plan for a certain area
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| Delphi Method | structured process of citizen participation with the intent of coming to a consensus
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| Facilitation | uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consesus decision.
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| Mediation | is a method where a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement.
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| Public Hearing | A meeting before a public body allowing for formal citizen input. Public hearings are typically mandated by law.
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| Visual Preference Survey | a technique that can be used to assist citizens in evaluating physical images of natural and built environments.
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| Visioning | a process whereby citizens attend a series of meetings that provide the opportunity to offer input on how the community could be in the future. Visioning is typicall a 20 to 30 year outlook
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| problem definition steps | 1define problem 2specify boundaries 3develop fact base 4list goals & objectives 5identify range of solutions 6define potential costs & benefits 7review the problem statement
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| This type of budget starts from scratch every year and depends on previous year budget? | Zero Based Budget
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| This type of budget links goals to pbjectives by linking to potential outcome? | Program, Planning, Budgeting System
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| Looks at objectives at measurable indicators. Almost like a choose your adventure? | Program Evaluation and Review Techniques
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| This type of budget is tied to the annual budget that is for infrastructure projects? | CIP
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| This type of financing is established around a blighted area where a bond is issued to redevelop the distinguished area? | Tax Increment Financing
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| This type of financing is a special tax that is assessed on those who will benefit from the project or purchase being financed. | Special Assessments
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