Evolution
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| What are the three important characteristics to note about natural selection? | Not limited to any particular type of population, effeccts are NOT random: Those who are better adapted phenotypes increase in frequency, and NO GENE FLOW
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| what is non-random mating? | assortive mating: choose mates with similar phenotypes to your own
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| What does non-random mating cause? | EVOLUTION
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| What does inbreeding cause? | recessive alleles-->lethal genetic diseases
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| What else does inbreeding cause with respect to frequency calculations? | Changes the genotype frequencies so they can't be calculated using P2, 2pq, q2
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| Define Mutation | Change in a gene or DNA
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| Can mutation cause a change in allele frequencies, and if so, how? | By changing a B to b
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| What must net mutation be to evolution to occur? | NOT 0
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| Can mutations at one gene cause a significant change? | NO, not significant change
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| When will evolution occur? | when H-W laws are not followed
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| define speciation | How 2 populations diverge and become new species
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| What is the biological species concept: | Species in a group of individuals that can breed and produce fertile offsprings and they are not species if they are reproductively isolated
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| What are the disadvantages of BSC? What DOESN'T follow BSC | Fossils, asexually reprodcing organisms, some organism don't interact in nature
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| What is the morphological species concept? | Anatomy change, groups with different apperances are different species
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| ecological species concept? | Groups with different ecology (food habitat) are different species
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| How can species be reproductively isolated? | Habitat, temporal, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, gametic isolation
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| Temporal: | Live in different areas, active in different areas
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| Behavioral isolation: | Having different courtship behaviours
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| Mechanical isolatioN; | mating is physically impossible
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| Gametic isolation: | Fertillization is biochemically impossible
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| , reduced hypbrid viability | Hybrid offspring will die; reduced change of living
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| Reduced Hybrid fertility: | Sterile offspring
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| What is hybrid breakdown? | First generation is OK, fertile, but second generation is sterile or DIES
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| What are the two steps of speciation? | 1) Seperation of population 2) Natural selection or genetic drift. Change one or both populations so that if seperation dissaperead, they would be reproductively isolated
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| How are populations seperated so change in genetic drift can lead to speciation? | 1) Allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, and macroevolution
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| What is allopatric speciation? | Physical seperation, population is in two different areas
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| Sympatric speciation? | No physical seperation, populations can interact, could be seperated genetically (polyploidy: extra sets of chromosomes), may be seperated by mate choice
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| Macroevolution: | Evolution of higher taxanomic levels (Order, phylum), accumulations of small changes
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| What is hetrochromy: Give an example | Change in developmental timing APe and human skulls from babies to fully grown
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| Spatial patterns can change during development, can you give an example of this? | Homestic or Hox genes control organization like bithorax--more than one rib...etc.
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