electrochem
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| Plasma membrane not permeable to | protiens and nuclei acids
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| Plasma membrane is permeable to | nutrients, water
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| Plasma mem-is selectivityly permeable to | ions
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| Ions allow for a | electrochemical currents used for impulses-
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| Concentration gradients all subtances move from | regions of higer concentration to regions of lower conc
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| Relationship between conc of solutes and water | ^solutes, decreased water, water move from low solutes to high solutes
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| Types of solutes | Na+ K, Cl, glucose
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| Na+ is more likely located | extracellularly
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| K+ is more likely located | intracellularly
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| Ca+ is more likely located | extracellcularly
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| Cl is more likely located | extracellularly
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| Nuerons exsist in a steady state b/c of | osmotic forces, and concentration gradients
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| What are aquaporins | proteins in cell membrane that all for cells to reach QUICK osmotic equilibrium b/c of transmembrane pores
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| Congential abnormailites assoiated w lact of AQP10 | cataracts
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| Disorder with lack okf AQP4 | deafness
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| RMP is | - 70 MV
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| 3 types of specialized fluids | EC space of brain, cochlead, and eye
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| Brain is bathed in | CFS
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| CFS is a solution low in | protein
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| Chochlea fluid is | endolymph
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| Endolymph is high in | Vit K
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| Special fluid in eye | cillary body of eye makes a nurient solution
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| Fluid of eye flows past | lens, and is removed by veins of iris
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| 2 distinct surfaces of Epithelial cells | Basolteral surface, and Apical surface
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| Basolater surface is | the base and sides of cells, in contact with interstital fluid
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| Apical surface faces | the lumen
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| All specialize fluid flows across | epithelial layers
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| Where Na/K is located | Basolateral surface of epithelial cells
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| Expections of location of Na/K | Choriod plexus, and epithelia of pigmented retina
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| Graded potential | due to changes in ionic permeability of a sensory R's cell membrane
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| Ordinary feelings and sensations begin with | graded potentials
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| Excitory or inhibitory potential | nervous input inducing of inhibiting AP
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| Action Potential | regenerative electrical singal
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| Graded responses | direct result of stimulus opening memb channels, or increasing the current thru exsisting membrane channels
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| Synapse is | the function connection between a presynaptic, and a postsynapic
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| The synapse in the CNS is | 2nd cell always a nueron
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| The synapse in the PNS is | 2nd cell be be a nueron or effector cell
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| NT can work 2 ways | 1. open memb directly, 2. indirectly
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| Chemical vs Electrical synapses | chemical w/ NT, Electrical, are rare in NS
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| 3 electrical synapses requirements | 2 cells must be about the same in size, 2. join by areas of low electrical resistance, and 3. impulses can be regenerated w/o interruption
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| Gap junctions are | adjacent cells that PAPI are electrically coupled
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| Fuctions of Gap Junctions | PAPI- present in cardiac, and smooth, Aloow exciting and rythmic contraction, presnt in embroyonic tissues, but disappear once spealized, and between glial cells
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| What allows excitation and rhythmic contraction of large masses of musle cells | gap junction
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| What is indentify as between glial cells, | Gap juctions
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| Presyanptic ending is separated from post by | synaptic cleft
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| Transmission across majority of synapses in NS is | one way, and used NT
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| Ach opens Nicotinic R's at NMJ | directly-as an ion channel
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| Ach opens Muscarinic R's by | G-proteins, it indirectly open's K+ channels
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| Ach is ALWAYs an excitory NT | by some neurons in CNS, and Motors neurons at NMJ
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| ACh may be excitotry or inhibitory in | Autonmic nervous system
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| ACh found in autonomic ganglia, and Skeletal muscle fibers | Nicontinic ACh receptors
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| ACH R' foudn in plasma membrane of smooth musxle cells, cardic, and some glands | Muscarinic AcH
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| What ACh is require for regulation of cardiovascular system | Muscarinic AcH
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| AcH that uses ligand operated channels | Nicontinic R's (open)
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| AcH assocaited with G-Protein Channels | Muscarinic
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| ACh works by 2 subunits binding | Nicotinic
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| ACH works with binding of 1 ACh | Muscarinic
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| What ACh cause indirect opening of K+ | Muscarinic
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| Opening of K+ from Muscarinic causes | hyperpolarization
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| What is a motor unit? | a motor neuron adn all the muscle fiber it innervates
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| What is a motor end plate? | specialized disk-shaped region @ axon terminal
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| What happens at depolarization | at theshold, voltage gate Na open, and driven inward, this makes the neuron more positive
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| Postive feedback loop | one some Na cannels open, so do more
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| Depolarization occur via | diffusion and DO NOT require active transport
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| The lenght of time that Na and K+ are open | doesnt matter
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| A stonger stimuls cannot produce | an AP of greater amplitutude
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| STIMULUS STRENGHT IS increased by | FREQUENCY
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| What happens when a collection of axon are stiumulated | different axons have different thresholds
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| If a weak stimulus is given to a collection of axons | only the ones w/ low thresholds will be actived
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| When an entire collection of axons is exposed to a stong stimulus | will active low threshold axons and high---all
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| Absolute Refractory period is | the interval when an axon is incapable of responding to another stimulus
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| Ball and chain effect relates to | Absoulte refractor period
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| Relative Refractory Period | transition of voltage-gated NA channels go from inactivate state====to closed state deals with K+
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| Only can stimulate axon again when | more Na channels are closed, rather than inactivated
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| Why is relative refractory period only a theory? | b/c during this time K+ are still open, which makes it even harder to depolarize the membrane
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| What are cable properties? | ability of a neuron to transmit charges though its cytoplasm
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| Axon cable properties are poor b/c | cytoplasm has high resistance, and leaks through ion channels
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| What patch of membrane can produce an AP | any membrane that have Na and K
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| Are AP truly conducted? | NO each AP is separate complete event
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| What would happen if myelin sheats were continuous | AP wouldnt be produced
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| Interruption of myelin sheaths are called | nodes of Ranvier
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| What is highly concentrated at nodes of ranvier | Na cannels
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| What only occurs at nodes of Ranvier | AP
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| Saltatory conduction | AP leaping node to node
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| NO AP occur under | myelin, becuause Ions cant flow across myelinated membrane
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| The speed of AP conductance is increased by | 1. increased diameter, 2 myelination
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| The thinnest axons tend to be | unmyelinated
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| How does the Brain communicate | by NT's
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| What are Nuerotransmitters? | chemical mess. that change the electrical activity of neurons after they have bound to their specific Receptors on cell membranes
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| What are targets of drugs used to treat NS diseases | NT's
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| Explain Synatic and NT release | NT released from presynaptic, and diffuse acroos synaptic cleft, and bind to its R on postsynaptic
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| NT's alter 3 things | electrical, biochemical, or genetic alteration
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| Nonsynatic occurs | less frequenct
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| Nonsynaptic NT is released | at site w/o synaptic specializations, adn DIFFUSES R's at distant sites an on >l neuron
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| Synaptic vs. Nonsynaptic depends on | 1. the presynatic NT, 2. Type of Postsynaptic 3. Intracellular mechanism of NT in target cell
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| Who discovered NT, and when, and how | Otto Loewi, in 192, in a dream
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| How Otto Lowei set experiment | used frog hearts, one w/ vagus nerve, and another w/o but connected by saline
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| Results from Lwoewi, called this chemical Vagusstoff | AKA, Acetycholine
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| In order to be a Neurotransmitter must follow #6 Criteria | 1. Chemical must be produced by a neuron 2. The chemical must be found in a neuron 3. A neuron must release the chemical 4. When chemical released it must act on a post-synatpic and cause a biological effect 5. Chemical must be inactivated 6.
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| 2 categories of NT | Small mol, and Neuropeptides
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| Types of small molecule NT's | AA's Biogenic amine, Nuclotides, and nucleosides, and other
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| Types of Neuropeptides | GOT POP? Opioid, Posterior Pituitary,Tachkinins, Glucagon-related Peptides, Pancreatic polypeptide-related, Other
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| Types of Amino Acid NT, | sm. mol-(G's) GABA, and Glumate, Glycine
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| Types of Biogenic amines | AcH, Monoamines (Catecholamines, NE,E, Serotonin, Histamine
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| Types of Nucleotides and Nucleosides | Adenosine and ATP
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| Nitric Oxide is what type of NT | sm. mol
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| Type of Opiod Peptides | Beta Endorphins
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| Type of Postrior Pituitary | Oxtocin
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| Type of Tachkinins | Substance P
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| Type of Glucagon-related | Glucagon
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| Type of Panceratic polypetide | Neuropeptide Y
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| What NT is Angiotensin II? | Neuropeptides
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| What NT are responsible for majority of signaling | GABA, and Glutamate
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| Neural canal gives rise to | central central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles of brain
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| Choroid plexus develops from | clusters of cells on the walls of each ventricle
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| What happens in the 4th ventricle during development? | 3 openings eventually appear
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| As the 4th ventricle forms what happens? | the membrane things, and breaks resulting in The foramen of Magendie, and 2 lateral holes of Foramina of Luschka
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| What is signal transduction? | deals w/ receptors transformting fuctions
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| Types of signal transduction (receptors) | Ligand-gated, Ligand dependent, G-protiens, Single Transmemrane
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| More sensitve to Ca | Large Dense core vesicles
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| Type of Synapses | Electrical and Chemical
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| Synaptic potential what is and does | uses NT to communicate from cell to cell--open membranes direclt/indirectly
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| Synaptic Delay | time from presynaptic relase to postsynaptic activation
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| What influences Synaptic delay | variable, b/c transduction mechanism
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| Fast transmission associated w/ | sm molecules, and ligand gated channels
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| Slow transmission | nueropeptides, and g-protein
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| 2 types of vesicles | Synaptic vesciles, and Large dense core vesicles
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| Characteristics of sm vesicles | clear, appear at exocitos surfaces, electron dense
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| Synthesis and location of synaptic vesicles | (active zone) synthesis is in axon terminal
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| Characteristics of Large dense core vesicles | Electon opaqe core, located interneuronal, and axon terminal
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| Synthesis of large dense cored vesicles | synthesis only in CELL body---to large
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| Type of vesicle that is recycled | snaptic vesicle
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