Tumors
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| Type of Cells frequent composed of different astrocytes that react to injured brain tumors | Grade 1 Astocytomas
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| Uncommon Tumor that is composed of different astrocytes that react to injury | Grade 1 Astocytomas
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| Characteristic of Grade 1 | grow slowly, and graudal enlargement shows neoplasm exsists
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| Tumor that arises from fibrillary astrocytes | Grade 1 in white matter
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| Tumor that has prominent processes filled with glial filaments | Grade 2
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| What happens in Grade 2 | glia infiltrate between myelinated axons in white matter and cluester around neurons in gray matter
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| Tumor common in adults | Grade 2
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| Tumor with enlarged nuclei and increased amount of chromatin | Grade 3
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| Characteristics of Grade 3 | mitotic figures, chromosome and spindles are noticable-- means rapid proliferation==
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| Malignant | cancerous
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| Tumor that invades leptomeminges | Grade 4
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| AKA extends from 1 gyrus to to its neighbor | Grade 4, and glioblastoma multiforme
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| Highest maligant tumor | Grade 4
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| Tumor most common in middle-aged and elderly | Grade 4
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| Diagnosis of Grade 4 | survivial time may be measured in week
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| Benign | primary tumor will not metasisize
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| Oligodendrolglia tumors are located | slow growing, and locating in lobes of brain--rather than in diencephalon or basal ganglia
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| Characteristics of Oligodendroglia tumors | drak round nuclei centered w/ in clear cytoplasm (yolk of fried egg)
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| Tumor associated w/ Satellitosis | Oligoden--is enlarged clusters around neurons and nodules beneath pia
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| Ependymomas | tumors of epithelial and ependymal cells
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| Empendymomas are located in | ventricular spaces or brain and central canal
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| Ependymomas and children | found in 4th ventricles
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| Ependymomas and adults | located in spinal canal
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| Tumors more readily removed | ependymomas
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| Tumors categorized as lymphomas | Microglia
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| Lymphomas common in | HIV or organ tansplant receipenints (immunodeficincy )
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| Lymphomas are | family of neoplasms concsists of bone-marrow derived B, and thumus T
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| Common Tumor in Children | Medullablastomas
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| Medullablastomas arise in | cerebellar hemispheres
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| Tumor that has unrestrained growth of ebryonal cells | medullablastomas
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| Medullablastoms need to be treated | aggresively b/c spread quickly along surface of brain and spinal cord
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| Benign Primary Tumors | Meningionma and Schwannoma
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| Characterictics of Beign Tumors | covered with fibrous vascularized capsule, and grow push against brain tissue
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| Secondary Tumors | start somewhere else, and now are in somewhere else
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| Arise from malignat cells that orginate outside the NS | Metastic Brain tumors
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| Growth pattern of metastatic tumors | different than primary
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| How metastic cells get in brain | break away from primary tumor, and travel the blood to brain, and are lodged at arteriolar branch pts, junctions gray/white matter), use enzymes to leave vasulature, and grow in brain
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| Lung carcinoma | most common primary tumor to secondarily involve the brain
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| Breast carcinoma spread to | spread to dura or brain tissue
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| Prostate carcinoma spread to | ability to spread to spinal cord
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| CNS develops from primitive | ectoderm
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| Develop beings with | a few dozen cells
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| Brain at birth | 800g
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| Brain wt @ adult | 1600g
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| Most neurons undergo last divison @ | prior to bith
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| 3 processes to reach a fully functional CNS | 1. Division of nerve cells 2, migration 3 formation of synaptic conncetions
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| Are most congenital defects lethal | YES
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| Basic formation of CNS takes is complete | 6 weeks
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| What takes place during 2nd Trimester | Cellular proliferation and migration
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| Peaks during 3rd Trimester | Myelination, but continue to adulthood
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| Development of synaptic connections | deals with functional maturity and continues throughout life
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| Neural groove appears | posterior aspect of trilaminar embryo
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| 3 steps of Neural Tube development | 1 appears on triaminar embryo 2 groove deepens and yileds neural folds at lateral margins of neural plate 3 Neural folds elevate, and form neural tube
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| This folding of neural tube takes place | @ what will be cervical levels of spinal cord
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| Last point @ which neural tube closes | Anter @ Posterio Neuropores
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| After formation of neural tube what appears | 3 layers 1.Ventricular 2 Marginal 3 Intermediate
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| Ventricular Zone appears | Appears 1st
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| Marginal Zone contains | no cell bodies, and be invaded by axons from intermediate
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| Intermediate Zone | The cell bodies brea away from ventricular zone, adn give rise to postmitoic neurons
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| Subventicular Zone forms | between venticular and intermediate zones
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| Cells of Subventricular give rise to | Macroglial cells of CNS, and nuerons in braintem and forebrain
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| Embronic disc is composed of | ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
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| Neuroectroderm gives rise to | brain, spinal cord and PNS
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| What Notochord arises from | axial mesoderm @ 16 days
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| The notochod define the | longitudinal axis of embryo and orientation of vertebral column, and b/c nucleus pulposus @ intervertebral discs
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| Notochord produces | Cell adhsion molecules
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| Cell Adhesion molecules go | diffuse into neural plate, and joing primitive neuroepithelial cells
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| What is Neurulation | CNS develops from neural tubes
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| 2 Nuerulation Processes | Primary and Secondary Neurulation
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| Primary Neurulation is | neural plate--neural tube, gives rise to Brain and Spinal cord--to lumbar
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| Secondary Neurlation is | Caudal portion of neural tube gives rise to sacral and coccygeal levels of spinal cord
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| Neurulation is brought about by | nduerblasts--future neurons in ventricular zone
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| Dysraphic defects | malformations due to defective neurulation
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| Reducing incidence of neural tube defects | folic acid
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| Most dysraphic disorder occur | anterior and posterior neuropores
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| Failure of anterior neuropore | anencephaly
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| 1st neural tissue of brain appears | @ end of 3rd week of embronic development
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| When How cells being to migrate aways from ventricular surface | on transient glial cells guides--radial glia
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| Radial glia help | break off and migrate from the ventricular surface
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| How the intermediate zone forms | radial glia
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| What plays a role in induction? | Notochord
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| What is induction? | directing overlying ectoderm to form neural plate
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