Biotechnology - RCHS
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| Human Genome Project | the project that found the order of all of the nucleotides in human DNA
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| PCR | DNA replication in a test tube
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| Gel Electrophoresis | the process of separating molecules on the basis of size and charge by passing them through a gel
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| Transgenic organism | an organism containing one or more genes from another species
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| Sticky ends | overhanging single strands of DNA left by some restriction enzymes
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| Genetic variation | this is reduced by inbreeding
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| Therapeutic cloning | cloning to create cells for medical purposes, usually stem cells
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| Nondisjunction | an error in cell division that creates cells with atypical numbers of chromosomes
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| Agarose | gelatin like substance used for separating DNA fragments by length and charge
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| Monosomy | having only one copy of a chromosome
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| Trisomy | having three copies of a chromosome
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| Inbreeding | mating between two closely related individuals
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| Pluripotent | able to become any cell in a living organism with the exception of extraembryonic structures such as the placenta
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| Genome | the set of chromosomes from one organism
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| Reproductive cloning | cloning to create a new living organism
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| Clone | an exact genetic replica of a gene, cell, or individual
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| DNA ligase | an enzymes that “glues” together fragments of DNA
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| Well | a hole in an agarose gel where a sample is placed
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| Restriction enzyme | an enzyme from bacteria that cuts DNA at a specific sequence
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| Recombinant DNA | cutting and pasting of DNA
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| Cell culture | growing living tissues outside of the organism; usually for research or therapeutic purposes
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| DNA fingerprinting | using DNA segments separated by electrophoresis to determine identity or familial relationships
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| Plasmid | a piece of circular DNA from bacteria; genes are inserted in these for cloning
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| Stem cells | cells that can divide to form many different cell types
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| Gene pool | all of the alleles in an interbreeding population
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| DNA polymerase | the enzyme used in PCR that elongates the DNA copy by adding nucleotides
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| Totipotent | able to become any cell in a living organism, including extraembryonic structures such as the placenta
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| Biotechnology | the use of living organisms to make, modify, or improve something
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| DNA sequence | the order of the nucleotides in the DNA of an organism
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| Karyotype | a physical arrangement of the chromosomes used for detecting genetic abnormalities
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| Dolly | the name of the first cloned mammal (a sheep)
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| Vector | any agent used to insert DNA into a cell; examples include plasmids, viruses, and gene guns
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| EcoR1 | A restriction enzyme isolated from E. coli bacteria.
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