ous System Terms
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| acetylcholine | chemical neurotransmitter
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| anesthesia | loss of sensation
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| arachnoid mater | delicate, weblike middle membrane covering the brain, the meninges
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| astrocyte | a glial cell
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| axon | nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body
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| catecholamines | norepinephrine and epinephrine
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| dendrite | branching or treelike; a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the body
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| dopamine | chemical neurotransmitter
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| dura mater | literally "strong or hard mother"; outermost layer of the meninges
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| effector | responding organ; for example, voluntary and involuntary muscle, the heart, and glands
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| endorphin | chemical in central nervous system that influences pain perception; a natural painkiller
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| enkephalins | peptide chemical in the central nervous system that acts as a natural painkiller
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| fight-or-flight response | the changes produced by increased sympathetic impulses allowing the body to deal with any type of stress
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| ganglia | a region of gray (unmyelinated) nerve tissue (usually this term is only used for gray matter regions in the PNS)
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| ganglion | a group of nerve cell bodies located in the PNS
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| glia | supporting cells of nervous tissue; also called neuroglia
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| hydrocephalus | abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid; "water on the brain"
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| interneuron | nerves that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
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| limbic system | a collection of various small regions of the brain that act together to produce emotion and emotional response; sometimes called "the emotional brain"
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| meninges | fluid-containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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| microglia | one type of connective tissue found in the brain and spinal cord
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| motor neuron | transmits impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues
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| multiple sclerosis | the most common primary disease of the central nervous system; a myelin disorder
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| myelin | lipoid substance found in the myelin sheath around some nerve fibers
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| neuron | nerve cell, including its processes (axons and dendrites)
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| neurotransmitter | chemical by which neurons communicate
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| nodes of Ranvier | indentations that are found between adjacent Schwann cells
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| norepinephrine | hormone secreted by adrenal medulla; released by sympathetic nervous system
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| oligodendrocyte | a cell that holds nerve fibers together and produces the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system
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| parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) | part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord; controls many visceral effectors under normal conditions
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| pia mater | the vascular innermost covering (meninx) of the brain and spinal cord
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| postganglionic neurons | autonomic neurons that conduct nerve impulses from a ganglion to cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular epithelial tissue
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| postsynaptic neuron | a neuron situated distal to a synapse
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| preganglionic neurons | autonomic neurons that conduct nerve impulses between the spinal cord and a ganglion
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| presynaptic neuron | a neuron situated proximal to a synapse
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| receptor | peripheral beginning of a sensory neuron's dendrite
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| relfex arc | allows an impulse to travel in only one direction
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| saltatory conduction | when a nerve impulse encounters myelin and "jumps" from one node of Ranvier to the next
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| sensory neurons | neurons that transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body
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| serotonin | a neurotransmitter that belongs to a group of compounds called catecholamines
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| sympathetic nervous system | part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions as an emergency system
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| synapse | junction between adjacent neurons
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| synaptic cleft | the space between a synaptic knob and the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
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| tract | bundles of axons in the CNS
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