Neuro 2
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| Directions of spinal cord and brainstem nearly straight with | superoingerior axis of the body
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| Directions relating to forebrain differ becuase | embryonic development-
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| Forebrain during embryonic development | forebrain rotates relative to midbrain unti rostrocaudal axis is formed
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| Forebrain roations creates | a sharp angle in the long axis of the CNS at the mid-brain-thalmus junction
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| Forebrain | cerebral hemispehre
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| Posterior forebrain | top of head
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| Anterior forebrain | bottom of head
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| Sympton | experienced by the patient
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| Subjective indicator | symptom-experieced by the patient
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| Objective indicator | sign-discovered, observed, and evauluated by health care professional
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| Sign | evualuated-evidence by physician
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| CT | computed tomography
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| CT useful in | visualizing the skull, and acute and subacute arachnoid hemorage (bone, and bleeding)
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| MRI use in | brain anatomy detail, crainal nerves, and tumors
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| MRA | (Nuclear)=visualized arteries,veins and velocity of blood flow
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| How CT works | x-ray imaging that measures tissue density , and effects on atoms passing thought tissue
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| Hermorrage in CT will appear | hyperdense (white)--
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| Enhanced CT is | teachnique tha tcombines intraveously injecting iodine
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| How enchanced CT works | Iodine has a large atomic number ,and slows down x-rays
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| Vascular in Enhanced CT is seen | hyperdense (white)
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| MRI is based upon | NMR-spectorscopic technique used by scientists about molecules
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| MRI is useful in | visualizing anatmoic detail in either T1 or T2 weight items
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| Difference between T1 and T2 | CFS is black in T1, and white is T2
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| MRI usefull in visualizing | tumors, ischemia, and edema
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| When viewing CT or MRI | oberver's right is patients left
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| Images of brain in 3 planes | axial, coronal ,and sagittal
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| Coronal image viewed | as looking patient in face
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| Axial imaged viewed | looking up from bottom of brain or anterior to posterior
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| Nerurons | 1. receive, process, and send info
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| Glia | non neuronal cell-primary function is to control the evnivronment in CNS
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| 5 functions of Glial Cells | Perms (provide structural support, essential in development of CNS, removed waster products from CNS, maintain electrochemical environment, and shuttle nutrients from blood)
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| Neurons are cell that contain | Mitochondria, RER, mirotubles
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| Contains nucleus and macromolecules | Cell body
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| Contains Nissil Bodies | Cell body aka RER
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| 3 Principles Regions of Neurons | dendrites, cell body ,and axon
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| Longer process of neuron | axon
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| Neuron that varys in lenght | axon
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| Where nerve impluse orginates | axon hillock
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| What axon terminals are capped wtih | terminal boutons
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| Mutipolar neuron | most comonnon, consists of lots of dendrites, and single axon
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| Bipolar Neuron | single axon and dendrite
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| Unipolar neuron | cells have not dendrites, and single axon, appears fused
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| Unipolar characteristics | usually inactive but important in development, seen in retina and neuroendocrine hypothalmus
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| Example of mutipolar | motor neuron
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| Axonal Transport | when neurons transport organelles and marcomolecules between the cell body and the axon and its terminal
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| Directions of transport | Anterograde and retrograde
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| Retrograde transport | transports from the terminals to cell body
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| Anterograde transport | transports from the cell body to terminals
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| Anterograde catorgories | Fast-400mm/day based on Kinesin
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| Kinesin involved in | fast transport--moves macomolecules containing vesicles and mitochondria along microtubles
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| Slow mechinaism of Anterograde | less understood--structual and metabolic components
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| Allows neurons to respond to molecules such as growth factors | retrograde
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| Functions in continual recycling of components of axonal terminal | retograde
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| Axonal Transport driven by dynenis | retrograde
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| Axonal transport plays a major role in | human neurological diseases
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| What axonal transport uses rabies | retrograde
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| How rabies replicates | replicates in muscles cells
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| How rabies is spread | transported via retrograde to cell bodies , and neurons produce and shed copies of rabies, that are taken up by terminals of adjacent cells
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| Once CNS infected with rabies | behavioral changes occur b/c virus travels from the CNS to salibary glands, and they shed the virus in the saliva
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| Nucleus (nuclei) are | a cluster of funtionally related nerve cell bodies in CNS
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| Lamina, statum are | cell bodies arranged in a layer in CNS
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| Columns are | cell bodies arranged in columnar formation
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| Tracts, fasciculi, or lemnisci are | bundles of axon in CNS
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| Funiculus or system are | a group of several tracts in CNS
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| Ganglion is | collections of cells bodys in PNS
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| Nerves, rami, or roots are | bundles of axons in PNS
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| Projection neurons | have long axons are convey signals to a distant target tissue
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| Interneurons, local circuit cells | act locally, limited near cell body
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| Dopaminergic neurons | cells that contain dopamine
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| Posterior root ganglion cells are | unipolar, sensory, afferent, and peptidergic
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| What carries a negative electrical charge | neurons
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| What is the extracellular fluid rich in? | + charge Na
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| Uneven distribution of ions is maintained by | semi-permeable plasma membrane
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| Neurotransmitters control | opening and closing of specific ion channels
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| Voltage gated channels lead to | Action Potential
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| If AP is large enough... | it is propagated down the axon to terminal
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| AP can induce release | Of NT, and stimulate ion channgel opening and voltage changes in next neuron
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| Primary sensory neurons | receive infro from the environment
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| Examples of Primary sensory neurons | Phtoreceptors. chemo, mechano, thermo, and nocieo
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| Stimulus in primary sensory neuron | generator potential
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| 4 types of Glial Cells in CNS | Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Astrocytes, and Ependymal cell
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