Neurology
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| 3 lbs | average adult brain
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| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord
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| inside cranium | brain
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| surrounded by spinal column | spinal cord
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| neurons | basic building blocks in the CNS
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| soma/cell body | made up of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm
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| nucleus | controlling center
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| cytoplasm | water-based substance that surrounds the nucleus
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| dendrites | receptive (afferent)
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| axons | motor (efferent)
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| afferent | transmitneural impulses to the cell body
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| efferent | transmit information away from the cell body
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| motor=efferent=transmitter=central | axons(or other fibers that serve the same function)
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| Sensory=afferent=receptor=peripheral | dendrites (or other fibers that serve the same function)
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| myelin | covers the length of the axon
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| end buttons, terminal knobs | miniscule protuberances that release an important chemical. neurotransmitter
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| multipolar | nerve cells that have many dendrites and one axon. Most located within the CNS
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| Bipolar | nerve cells that have two processes extending form each pole of the body, an afferent process and and efferent process
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| unipolar | nerve cells that are t-shaped and contain on divided process that extends from the body
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| Golgi Type I | nerve cells that have a long axon ranging from inches to feet.
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| Golgi II | nerve cells that have a short axonal process
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| synapse | space the neural impulse jumps
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| neuron | single nerve cell
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| nerve | a bundle of neuron fibers traveling in the peripheral nervous system
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| nerve tract | a bundle of neuron fibers traveling in the central nervous system
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| ganglion | a group of cell bodies that lie in the peripheral nervous system and for a nerve center.
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| nucleus | collection of cell bodies in the CNS that forms a nerve center or point of intercommunication
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| Gray matter | composed of dendrites, cell bodies, and neuroglia.
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| white matter | composed of myelinated axons
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| Cerebrum | largest and most important for speech
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| Gyri | ridges on cerebral cortex
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| Sulci | valleys on cerebral cortex
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| Central sulcus, fissure of Rolando | boundary between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe
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| lateral fissure, fussure of sylvius | boundary of the temporal lobe
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| parieto-occipital sulcus | separates the parietal lobe for the occipital lobe
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| Primary motor cortex | controls lips, jaw, tongue and larynx.
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| premotor cortx | planning of propositional speech
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| broca's area | important for fluent well-articulated speech
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| Wernicke's area | helps humans both understand and formulate speech and language.
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| Temporal lobe | shaped like a thumb, located below the frontal and parietal lobe
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| Parietal Lobe | supra marginal gyrus and angular gyrus. Damage can lead to word finding problems
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| occupital lobe | very little relation to speech, language and hearing
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| dysarthia | a motor speech disorder typically associated with parkinson's disease
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| Cerebellum | coordinator of fine motor movements including talking
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| brain stem | connects brain with the spinal cord
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| Brain stem | connects brain with spinal cord
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| 3 structures of brain stem | midbrain, pons, medulla
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| medulla | attaches to spinal cord
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| life supportin functions of brain stem | breathing swallowing heart beat regulation
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| Projection fibers | vertical direction, establsh connections btwn cortex and subcortical structures carry sensory and motor information
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| Association fibers | interconnect various areas of the cortx within each hemisphere
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| arcuate fasiculus | connects wernicke's area to brocas area
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| conduction aphasia | lesion in arcuate fasciculus
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| commissural fibers | run hoizontally and interconnect the two hemispheres
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| Peripheral nerves | carry sensory information to the brain
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| motor nerves | transmit impulses from the brain to organs
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| autonomic nerves | control involuntary functions
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| foramina | small aperture where the cranial nerves exit brainstem
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| 12 pairs | cranial nerves
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| trigeminal Nerve (V) | both sensory and motor (mouth)
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| facial nerve (VII) | mixed nerve articulation, facial experession
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| vestivulaoacoustic nerve | hearing helps brain locate ian integrate sounds.
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| glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) | mixed nerve swallowing
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| vagus nerve (X) | mixed largest cranial nerve (wandering nerve)
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| Accessory Nerve (XI) | motor nerve, spinal and cranial, turning tilting head
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| Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) | muscles of the tongue
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| Afferent root | dorsal part of spinal cord
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| efferent root | spinal cords ventral surface
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| spinal nerves | 31 pairs
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| pyramidal system | direct moto activation pathway
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| voluntary movements necessary for speech | primary motor cortex in the lower on third of the precentral gyrus
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| corticobulabr tract | fibers control all voluntary movements of the speech muscles with the exception of the respiratory muscles.
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| extrapyramidal system | and indirect activaiton system
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Created by:
dbrinker