b2 exam2 SDL2
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| Becarcinogenic | Cancer causing
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| Oncogenic | Tumor causing
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| Main classes of Carcinogenic agents | viruses, chemicals, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, hormones, bacteria, fungi and parasites, and miscellaneous
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| Name the main oncogenic viruses and the cancer they cause | Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and T-cell leukemia/ lymphoma, HPV)& carcinoma of the uterine cervix, Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma, Epstein-Barr virus and certain forms of lymphoma& nasopharyngeal carcino
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| What is Burkitt Lymphoma | EBV causes tumor
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| Polyclonal Lymphoproliferation in Immunodeficient States | Congenital/acquired immunodeficiencies made worse by EBV-induced B cell proliferative disorders
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| What are the congenital immunodeficiency states associated with EBV infections and aggressive lymphoproliferations? | X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, and AT
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| What do patients with XLP lack? | EBV specific lymphocytes that get rid of EBV infectied cells
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| What is Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | Childhood squamous cell carcinoma the linked to EBV infections because of EBV lysed lymphocytes What are HBV and HCV linked to?
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| What is a mutagen? | an agent that can permanently alter the genetic composition of a cell
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| What type of carcinogens are normally mutagens? | chemicals
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| What is the Ames test used for? | Evaluate mutagenicity of an carcinogen What are the four stages of chemical carcinogenesis?
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| What do most chemical carcinogens do in the body? | Undergo metabolic activation (procarcinogen to carcinogen)
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| What are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons? | benzo(a)pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, and dibenzanthracene, potentially in cigarette smoke. Metabolized by p450 and react with proteins and nucleic acids
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| What are alkylating agents? | chemotherapeutic drugs-so when treating cancer, might be making more cancer to be dealt with at a later date
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| What is aflatoxin | toxin made by A. flavus. Potent liver carcinogen. Peanuts and grains Aflatoxin is converted to epoxide which binds to DNA
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| What are aromatic amines and azo dyes? | aromatic amines-bladder cancer and azo dyes- liver cancer. Both are metabolized at the liver. Hydroxylamino derivatives are made and then conjugated with glucuronic acid. In the bladder, unfortunately, Glucuronide releases reactive hydroxylamine causi
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| What are nitrosamines? | Potential agent of human GI neoplasms and maybe other cancers. These are preservative in processed meats
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| What metals can induce cancer? | Electrophilic metals: nickel, lead, cadmium, cobalt, and beryllium
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| Name the ionizing radiation carcinogens | x-rays, Radium, iodine, radiation therapy, thorium, atomic bomb, low-level radiation and cancer
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| What is Thorium? | Thorotrast phagocytes ingest it, was used for radionuclide imaging, caused tumors, especially angiosarcomas of the liver
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| What is the atomic bomb relationship to cancer? | lots of leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, solid tumors
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| What is low-level radiation and cancer relationship? | Potentially carcinogenous
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| What is Radon’s relationship to cancer? | lung cancer
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| What is non-ionizing radiation? | UV
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| What and how does non-ionizing radiation cause cancer? | Formation of pyrimidine dimmers in DNA that mess up the phosphodiester backbone. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and melanoma
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| What is xeroderma pigmentosum? | autosomal recessive disease. High sensitivity to sunlight ahigh rate of squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma
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| What do hormones do in cancer | can cause cancer
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| Estrogen’s role in breast cancer | high levels linked to cancer
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| What is the suggested cause of carcinoma of the endometrium? | estrogen levels (hormone replacement is associated with this cancer.
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| Agent of gastric lymphomas? | helicobacter pylori
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| What two parasites are linked to what two cancers? | Schistosoma-bladder cancer Clonorochis Sinensis epithelial hyperplasia
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| What is the relationship between asbestos and cancer? | An agent of lung cancer
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