les- Terms
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| abduction | moving away from the midline of the body, opposite motion of adduction
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| actin | contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle
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| adduction | moving toward the midline of the body, opposite motion of abduction
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| all or none | when stimulated, a muscle fiber will contract fully or not at all; whether a contraction occurs depends on whether the stimulus reaches the required threshold
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| antagonist (muscle) | those having opposing actions; for example, muscles that flex the upper arm are antagonists to muscles that extend it
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| atrophy | wasting away of tissue; decrease in size of a part; sometimes referred to as disuse atrophy
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| bursa | small, cusionlike sac found between moving body parts, making movement easier
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| dorsiflexion | when the top of the foot is elevated (brought towardthe front of the lower leg) with the toes pointing upward
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| extension | increasing the angle between two bones at a joint
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| fatigue | loss of muscle power; weakness
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| flexion | act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint
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| hypertrophy | increased size of a part casuse dby and increase in the size of its cells
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| hypothermia | subnormal core body temperature below 37 degrees C
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| insertion | attachment of a muscle to the bone that it moves when contraction occurs (as distinguished from its origin)
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| isometric | type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten
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| isotonic | of the same tension or pressure
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| motor neuron | transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues
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| motor unit | a single motor neuron with the muscle cells it innervates
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| myofilaments | ultramicroscopic, threadlike structures found in myofibrils
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| myosin | contractile protein found in the thick filaments of skeletal muscle
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| neuromuscular junction | the point of contact between the nerve endings and muscle fibers
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| origin | the attachment of a muscle to the bone tat does not move when contraction occurs, as distiguished from insertion
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| oxygen debt | continued increased metabolism that occurs in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that resulted from exercise
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| paralysis | loss of the power of motion, especially voluntary motion
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| plantar flexion | the bottom of the foot is directed downward; this motion allows a person to stand on his or her tiptoes
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| posture | position of the body
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| prime mover | the muscle responsible for producing a particular movement
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| pronation (pronate) | to turn the palm downward
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| rotation | movement around a longitudinal axia; for example, shaking your head "no"
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| sarcomere | contractile unit of muscle; length of a myofibril between two Z bands
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| sliding filament theory | explanation of how a skeletal muscle contracts
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| stimulus | agent that causes a change in the activity of a structure
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| supination (supinate) | to turn the palm of the hand upward; opposite of pronate
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| synergist | muscle that assists a prime mover
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| tendon(s) | bands or cords of fibrous connective tissue that attach a muscle to a bone or other structure
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| tenosynovitis | inflammation of a tendon sheath
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| tetanic contraction | sustained contraction
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| tonic contraction | special type of skeletal muscle contraction used to maintain posture
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