ch 12 med term
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| absorption | the passage of substances across and into tissues,such as the passage of digested food molecules into intestinal cells or the passage of liquids into kidney tubles
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| cholelithiasis | abnormal presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
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| cecum | a cul-de-sac containing the first past of the large intestine. it joint the ileum,the last segment of the small intestine
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| cardiac sphincter | the muscular ring(sphincter)in the stomach that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach;also known as the lower esophageal sphincter
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| canine tooth | any one of the four teeth,two in each jaw,situated immediately lateral to the incisor teeth in the human dental arches;also known as cuoid tooth
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| bowel | the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the pyloric opening of the stomach to the anus
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| bilrubin | the orange-yellow pigment of bile,formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal life span
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| bile | a bitter,yellow-green secretion of the liver
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| bicuspid tooth | one of the two teeth between the molars & canines of the upper & lower jaw,the bicuspid teeth have a flat surface with multiple projections(cups)for crushing & grinding food;premolar tooth
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| sacitic fluid | a watery fluid containing albumin,glucose,& electrolytes that accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in association with certain disease conditions such as liver disease
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| anus | the opening through which the solid wastes(feces)are eliminated from the body
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| amylase | an enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules
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| alimentary canal | a musculomembranous tube,about 30 ft long,extending from the mouth to the anus & lined with mucous membrane. also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract
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| enzyme | a protein produced by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter
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| endocrine gland | a gland that secretes its enzymes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by way of ducts
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| enamel | a hard,white substance that covers the dentin of the crown of a tooth. is the hardest substance in the body
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| emulsify | the disperse a liquid into another liquid,making a colloidal suspension
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| duodenum | the 1 portion of the small intestine. is the shortest,widest & most fixed portion of the small intestine-taking an almost circular course from the pyloric valve of the stomach so that its termination is close to its starting point
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| digestive tract | a musculomembranous tube,about 30 ft long,extending from the mouth to the anus & lined with mucous membrane. also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract
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| digestion | the process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be used by the body cells, this occurs in the digestive tract
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| dieitian | an allied health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for sick as well as healthy people.this may involve planning meals for a hospital or large organization or individual diet counseling with patients
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| dentin | the chief material of teeth surrounding the pulp and situated inside of the enamel and cementum
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| deglutition | swallowing
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| defecation | the act of expelling forces from the rectum through the anus
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| deciduous teeth | the first set or primarily teeth;baby teeth
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| cuspid tooth | any one of the four teeth,two in each jaw,situated immediately lateral to the incisor teeth in the human dental arches;also known as cupid tooth
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| crown | the part of the tooth that is visible above the gum line
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| comomon bile duct | the duct formed by the joining of the cystic duct and hepatic duct
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| colon | the portion of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum
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| chyme | the liquidlike material of partially digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach just before it is released into the duodenum
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| lower GI tract | the lower portion of the gastrointestinal tract consisting of the small and large intestines
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| glycogensis | the conversion of simple sugar into a complex form of sugar for storage in the liver
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| glycogen | a complex sugar that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells. it is formed from glucose and stored chiefly in the liver and to a lesser extent in muscle cells
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| glucose | a simple sugar found in certain foods,especially fruits and major source of energy occurring in human and animal body fluids
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| glucagon | a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood sugar level is dangerously low
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| gingivae | gum tissue
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| gavage | a procedure in which liquid or semi liquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube
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| gastrointestinal tract | a musculomembranous tube,about 30 ft long,extending from the mouth to the anus & lined with mucous membrane. also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract
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| gastroenterologist | a medical doctor who specializes in the study of the study of the diseases and disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract
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| gallbladder | a pear shaped excretory sac lodged in a fossa on the visceral surface of the lobe of the liver
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| feces | waste or excrement from the digestive tract that is formed in the intestine and expelled through the rectum
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| fatty acids | any of several organic acids produced by the hydrolysis of neutral fats
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| exocrine gland | a gland that secretes its enzymes into a network of tiny ducts that transport it to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
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| esophagus | a muscular canal about 24 cm long extending from the pharynx to the stomach
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| lower GI tract | the lower portion of the gastrointestinal tract containing of the small and large intestines
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| lower esophageal sphincter | the muscular ring(sphincter)in the stomach that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach;also known as the lower esophageal sphincter
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| liver | the largest gland of the body and one of its most complex organs
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| lipase | an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats
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| lavage | the process of irrigating (washing out)an organ-usually the bladder,bowel,paranasl sinuses, or stomach-for therapeutic purposes
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| jejunum | the intermediate or middle of the 3 portion of the small intestine,connecting proximally with the deodenum and distally with the ileum
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| insulin | a naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood
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| incisor | one of the 8 front teeth,4 in each dental arch,that first appear as primarily teeth during infancy are replaced by permanent incisors during childhood and last until old age
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| ileum | the distal portion of the small intestine extending from the jejunum to the cecum
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| hydrochloric acid | a compound consisting of hydrogen and chlorine
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| hepatocyte | liver cell
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| glycogenolysis | the breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver,releasing it back into the circulating blood in response to a very low blood sugar level
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| pharynx | the throat;a tubular structure about 12 cm long that extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus and is situated just in front of the cervical vertebrae
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| permanent teeth | the full set of teeth -32 teeth--that replace the deciduous or temporary teeth
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| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum
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| peritoneum | a specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera
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| peristalsis | the coordinated,rhythmic,serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract,bile through the bile duct and urine through the uterus
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| parotid gland | one of the largest pairs of salivary glands that lie at the side of the face just below and in front of the external ear
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| papillae | a small,nipple shaped projection that extend from collagen fibers,the capillary blood vessels,and sometimes the nerves of the dermis
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| pancreas | an elongated organ approximately 6 to 9 inches long,located in the upper left quad.of the abdomen that secretes various substances such as digestive enzymes,insulin and glucagon
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| palate | a structure that forms the roof of the mouth
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| oropharynx | the section of the pharynx leading away from the oral cavity
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| nutitionsit | an allied health professional who studies and applies the principles and science of nutrition
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| molar tooth | any of 12 molar teeth,6 in each dental arch,located posterior to the premolar teeth.the molar teeth have a flat surface with multiple projections for crushing and grinding food
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| mcburneys point | a point on the right side of the abdomen,about 2-3s of the distance between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip
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| masticiation | chewing,tearing or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva
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| villi | one of the many tiny projections barely visible to the naked eye clustered over the entire mucous surface of the small intestine
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| uvula | the small,cone shaped process suspended in the mouth from the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate
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| upper GI tract | the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract consisting of the mouth,pharynx,esophagus and stomach
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| triglycerides | a compound consisting of a fatty acid and glycerol
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| stomach | the major organ of digestion located in the upper left quad.of the abdomen and divided into a body and pylorus
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| sphincter | a circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening in the body
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| sigmond colon | the portion of the colon that extends from the end of the descending colon in the pelvis to the junction of the rectum
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| secondary teeth | the full set of teeth -32 teeth--that replace the deciduous or temporary teeth
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| salivary glands | one of the three pairs of glands secreting into the mouth thus aiding the digestive process
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