1-Birch Ancient Indian Culture
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| subcontinent | a large land mass, that is part of a continent but is considered either georgraphically or politically as an independent entity.
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| Indo-Aryans | of, relating to, or being a member of an Indic-speaking people
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| Deccan Plateau | a vast plateau in India encompassing most of Central and Southern India (where cotton grows)
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| Khyber Pass | a narrow pass about 3000 km long through mountains on the border between eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. It has been a trade/invasion route
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| Mohenjo-Daro | a ruined prehistoric city of Pakistan in the Indus River Valley northeast of Karachi. Dates to 3000 BC
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| Harappa | a locality in the Indus River valley of the Punjab in Pakistan. Includes remains of a well laid out city that indicates a possible link between Indian and Sumerian cultures. 3rd millennium BC
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| Hinduism (Hindu) | the predominant religion of India; characterized by a caste system and belief in reincarnation
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| reincarnation | rebirth of the soul to another body
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| caste system | social sturcture in which classes are determined by heredity.
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| Brahman | a member of the highest of the four major castes of traditional Indian society. Responsible fo studying/teaching the Vedas, officiating a religious rite
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| Kshatriyas | responsible for upholding justice and social harmony including people in governing and military positions
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| Vaisyas | comprising farmers, herders, merchants, and businessmen
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| Sudras | comprising artisans, laborers, and menials
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| Untouchables or Pariahs | a social outcast; untouchable. Considered unclean and defiling by the Hindu castes
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| Karma | the effect of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation.
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| Rajah | a prince, chief, or ruler in India or the Eastern Indies
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| Maharajah | King of Kings
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| Vedas | any of the oldest and most authoritative Hindu sacred texts, composed in sanskrit and gathered into four collections (songs and chants of the Hindu religion)
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| Vedic Age | the time period of which sanskrit was written
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| Upanishads | any of a group of philosophical treatises contributing to the teology of ancient hinduism, elaborating on the earlier Vedas
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| Buddha | Indian mystic and founder of Buddhism
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| Buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire -- wisdom and meditation releasing
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| nirvana | the effable ultimate in which one has attained disinterested wisdom and compassion
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| Sanskrit | an ancient Indic language that is the language of Hinduism and the Vedas and is the classical literary language of India.
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| Silk Road | an ancient trade route between china and the Mediterranean Sea
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| Indus River | an Asian River flows into the Arabian Sea
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| Ganges River | an Asian river that rises in the Himalayas and flows east into the Bay of Bengal, a sacred river of the Hindus
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| Mauryas | Indian dynasty founded in 321 BC by Chandragupta Maurya which unified the subcontinent for the first time and contributed to the spread of Buddhism .
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| Guptas | a Hindu dynasty that ruled most of northern India from 320-520 under which the arts flourished and a unified code of laws were put into effect; This period is regarded as the golden age of Indian culture.
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| Huns | a member of a nomadic pastoral people who invaded Europe in the fourth and fifth centuries AD
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| Asoka | King of Magadha who united most of the Indian subcontinent under one rule and was converted to Buddhism, adopting it as the state religion
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| rajput | a member of any of several powerful Hindu landowning and military lineages inhabiting northern and central India
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| Himalayan Mountains | a mountain system of south-central Asia extending through Kashmir, northern India, Tibet,Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan
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| Hindu Kush | a mountain range of southwest Asia extending from northern Pakistan to northeastern Afghanistan
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| Western and Eastern Ghats | two mountain ranges of southern India separated by the Deccan Plateau
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| Kashmir | a historical region of northwest India and northeast Pakistan
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