BIEN Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Components of a digital grid | dots, picture elements (pixels)
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| Component of each pixel | color/tone of pixel
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| Bits in a byte | 8
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| Formula for file size | (Dimensions of picture*bits per pixel)/8 bits per byte
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| Spatial Resolution | Ability to depict small details
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| Contrast | Difference in grey level value between anatomy of interest and background
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| Noise | Variance in grey level value
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| What does noise make it hard to do? | depict small structures
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| Examples of image artifacts | distortion, streaks
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| Phantoms | Measure image quality
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| Anthropomorphic | phantoms that model realistic anatomy
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| Pinhole camera | One of simplest imaging systems
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| Why are objects blurred in real pinhole camera systems | finite sized diameter
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| A | distance between object and pinhole
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| B | distance between pinhole and image
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| D | diameter
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| Connection between diameter and blurring | direct relationship as diameter increases blurring increases
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| Blurring formula | (D*(a+b))/a
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| Magnification factor | b/a
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| Why does distortion occur? | The rays at the edge of the object are too steep to fit through the pinhole
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| What we need to make image | waves/material that can penetrate and exit body, and interact with different tissues, safe, fast
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| Electromagnetic Wave spectrum | cosmic,gamma,x-rays,Ultraviolet,Infrared,Microwaves,TV,MRI,Radio,Electric Power
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| Ionizing radiation modalities | X-ray, CT, Nuclear Medicine/PET
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| Non-ionizing radiation | Ultrasound, MRI
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| Ionizing Radiation | created ions can damage RNA
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| How are the ions created? | Photons dislodging electrons
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| X-ray Radiography | Beam of x-rays travel through body, attenuation depends on density, resulting image is projection (shadow) of body
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| Only imaging modality that doesn’t use electromagnetic radiation | Ultrasound
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| Which type of radiation is safer | non-ionizing
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| Attenuation of x-ray depends on | tissue depth, density, atomic number
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| Clinical applications of x-rays | mammography, broken bones, GI tract, angiography( blood vessel injected with iodine)
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| Pros of x-rays | High spatial resolution(.1mm), cheap, fast(real time)
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| Cons of x-rays | ionizing radiation, 2D projection (shadow) imaging
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| 2D projection | 3D projection to 2D image, ex is the fork in the patient or on it
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| Tomosynthesis | Series of X-rays acquired over limited projection of angles, provides slices
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| Pros of tomosynthesis | relatively fast, cheaper than CT, partial 3D info, high spatial resolution (.5mm)
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| Cons of tomosynthesis | more ionizing radiation than x-ray, more expensive than x-ray, partial 3d info
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| Computed Tomography (CT) | reconstruct tomographic(cross sectional) images by acquiring x-ray projections at multiple view angles
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| Clinical applications of CT | looking at heart and arteries
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| Pros of CT | Fast, 3D, high spatial resolution (5mm)
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| Cons of CT | lots of ionizing radiation, only measures x-ray attenuation(density) ex)iodine and calcium may look same
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| Nuclear Medicine/Positron emission tomography (PET) | radioactive tracers injected into body and travel to specific organs and emit radiation
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| Type of radiation emitted in nuclear medicine imaging | gamma rays
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| Nuclear medicine provides these images rather than anatomical ones | functional
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| What Nuclear medicine/PET images are fused with this to provide functional and anatomical images | CT
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| Clinical applications of Nuclear Medicine/ PET | Oncology, looking at heart (coronary artery)
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| Pros of Nuclear Medicine/ PET | functional imaging, limitless applications
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| Chest CT has 200 times the radiation of | A chest X-ray
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| Radiation from 2 chest x-rays equal to | 2 round-trip flights from NY to LA
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| Risk induced fatal cancer fr 2 chest x-rays equal to | 1 in million, 6 min in canoe
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| Ultrasound is produced by sending | high frequency signals
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| Sound waves are not electromagnetic but | acoustic
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| transducer | transmits and receives sound waves
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| The longer it takes to hear an echo the | farther away the tissue is
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| Clinical applications of ultrasound | scan abdomen, obstetrics, breast imaging, liver imaging, cardiovascular imaging
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| How ultrasound makes a 3D image | moving transducer around
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| Pros of Ultrasound | safe, 3D, inexpensive, realtime
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| Cons of Ultrasound | limited spatial resolution, need acoustic window (can't see through bone or air)
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| MRI | most recently developed, hydrogen protons are small magnets that cause the magnetic field to precess
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| Presence of field effect on magnetization | in absence no net,in presence net
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| What protons do when placed in external magnetic field | precess about field at Lamour frequency
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| Clinical applications of MRI | brain imaging, knee and skeletal imaging, spine injuries, FMRI (Functional MRI sees what part of brain in doing most activity)
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| Pros of MRI | great soft tissue contrast, nonionizing radiation, limitless contrast possibilities
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| Cons of MRI | Slow, can't image people with magnetic material, claustrophobic, loud, expensive
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| How many shades can human eye perceive | 30 shades of grey
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| What do you need to see an image | a window
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| window width | range of CT numbers displayed
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| window level | center of CT numbers
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| Filter that increases blurring but reduces noise | low pass
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| high pass | filter that emphasizes edge of image
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| Traditional view that radiologists used | 2D axial (slices)
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| Total number of slices in 1980 | 25-35
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| Total number of slices in 2005 | 600-4000
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| New visualization methods | advanced 3D visualization, guided navigation, quantitative analysis, computer aided detection
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| z project | 2D image that displays at each pixel the brightest grey level from all the reconstructed slides
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| How 3D info is displayed on 2D image using 3D volume | rendering
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| Help radiologists find suspicious regions inn mamography and chest x rays | computer aided detection
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| Medical imaging is broken down into | Clinical need, acquiring data, reconstructing image, image processing, image display, clinical evaluation
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| Dr. Goldberg | Used imaging as design and planning tool, surgical planning and custom implants, can "rehearse" outside of patient
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| Dr. Ladisa | fluid dynamics, angiography, CT, MRI, Ultrasound, investigated cardiovascular disease, made valves as physiological as possible
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| Ryan McKindles | Neuromechanics,diffusion tensor imaging
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| Diffusion tensor imaging | Ryan McKindles, used to determine spinal injury location, aid in prognosis and monitor drug treatments
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| Relationship between bit depth and color | the greater the bit depth the more color in the image
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| Christian o Connor | WIFY, know importance of evaluating your skills, be open to opportunities and utilize them, embrace winded and varied career path
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| Obtained from converting customer needs into quantitative measurable design specifications | Target specifications
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| Things you need to know when solving BME challenge problem | customer needs, target specifications,
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| Concept generation | brainstorming and comparing ideas
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| phantom construction | final drawing, bill and test plan for validation
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| validation | Used imageJ, evaluate based on target specifications
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| 4 sections of resume | Personal contact info, education, experience, activities/interests
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| magnification (again) | aperture to screen distance/ aperture to object distance
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| Diameter formula | .047(f)^1/2 where f is optimal focal length
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| Field of View formula | di/do=hi/ho where o is object, i is image, d distance, h height
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