Genetics
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| Genetics | Study of ways that hereditary information is passed from parents to offspring.
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| Hydrid | offspring of pure bred parents, show one contrasting trait, not the other.
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| P generation | Parent
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| F1 generation | First filial
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| F2 generation | Second filial
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| Law of dominance | When an organism is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait can be seen in the hybrid
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| Law of segregation | Factors that occur in pairs are separated from each other during haploid formation and recombined at fertilization
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| Genes | Factors
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| Alleles | Different copy of forms of genes controlling certain trait
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| Homozygous | Both alleles are the same (pure bred)
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| Heterozygous | Alleles are different (hybrid)
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| Genotype | Genetic makeup (tall and short --> Tt)
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| Phenotype | Physical trait that an organism develops (tall --> Tall)
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| Chance | No one outcome is more likely to happen than another
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| Test Cross | Individual with an unknown genotype is mated with a homozygous recessive individual. The phenotype of the offspring help is figure out what the genotype is
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| Incomplete dominance | Both alleles contribute to a phenotype that is unlike either parent Representation: Capital letter for each allele Example: Japanes 4 o'clock flower
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| Codominance | Two dominance alleles at the same time Representation: Capital letter with subscripts Example:
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| Multiple alleles | More than 2 alleles for a gene in the species Representation: Each individual only has two alleles Example: Human blood type
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| Sex chromosomes | Unmatched chromosome pair
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| Sex-linked trait | Traits controlled by a gene on the sex chromosome
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| Linkage group | All the genes on the same chromosome
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| Crossing over | Homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA during meiosis
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| Polygenic/ Multiple inheritance | Traits are controlled by two or more genes
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| Semi- conservative replication | One stand (half of "ladder") of old DNA is part of new DNA
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| One-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis | The synthesis of each polypeptide is directed by a different gene
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| Transcription | Copy from DNA to mRNA
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| Translation | Using RNA to make polypeptides
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| mRNA | Strand of RNA that copies a genetic message from DNA
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| tRNA | Pick up only one kind of amino acid
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| Codon | Each group of three bases on the mRNA that specifies an amino acid
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| Anticodon | Complement of a mRNA codon
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| Mutations | Sudden change in the structure or amount of genetic material
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| Chromosomal mutation | Translocation, Inversion, Addision, Deletion, Nondisjunction, Polyploidy
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| Gene mutation | Point mutation, Frameshift mutation
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| Mutagens | Environmental factors that cause mutation
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| Polyploidy | Organism has more than normal number of copies of chromosomes
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| Point mutation | One nucleotide changes normally results in substitution of one amino acid
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| Frameshift mutation | nucleotides are added or deleted
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| Genetic engineering | DNA manipulation
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