Terms, Abbreviations & Meanings
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| a.c., ac | before meals(Latin: ante cibum)
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| ACE | angiotensin-converting enzyme
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| ad lib | freely, as desired(Latin: ad libitum)
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| APAP | acetominophen(Tylenol)
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| b.i.d., bid | two times a fay(Latin: bis in die)
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| c (with an line over c) | with
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| Caps | capsules
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| cc | cubic centimeter
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| FDA | Food and Drug Administration
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| gm, g | gram
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| gtt | drops(Latin: guttae)
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| h | hour(Latin: hora)
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| h.s., hs | at bedtime
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| H2 blocker | histimine H2 receptor antagonist
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| HRT | hormone replacement therapy
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| IM | intramuscular
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| INH | isoniazid-antituberculosis agent
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| IV | intravenous
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| MAOI | monoamine oxidase inhibitor
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| mg | milligram
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| ml, mL | milliliter
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| NPO | nothing by mouth(Latin: nil per os)
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| NSAID | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
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| p (with an line over p) | after(Latin: post)
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| p.c., pc | after meals(Latin: post cibum)
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| PCA | patient-controlled analgesia
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| PDR | Physician's Desk Reference
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| p.o., po, PO | by mouth(Latin: per os)
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| p.r.n., prn | as needed, as necessary(Latin: pro re nata, as the ocassion arises)
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| Pt | patient
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| q | every (Latin: quaque)
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| q.h., qh | every hour(Latin: quaque hora)
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| q2h | every 2 hours
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| q.i.d., qid | four times a day(Latin: quater in die)
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| q.s., qs | sufficient quantity(Latin: quantum satis)
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| qAM | every morning
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| qPM | every evening
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| Rx | prescription
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| s (with an line over s) | without(Latin: sine)
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| SERM | selective estrogen receptor modulator
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| Sig. | directions on how to take medication
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| SL | sublingual
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| s.o.s. | if it is necessary(Latin: si opus sit)
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| SSRI | selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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| SQ | subcutaneous
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| tab | tablet
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| TCA | tricyclic antodepressant
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| t.i.d., tid | three times daily(Latin: ter in die)
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| ACE inhibitor | drug that lowers blood pressure; antihypertensive drug
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| addition | physical & psychologic dependence on & craving for a drug
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| additive action | combination of 2 similar drugs is equal to sum of effects of each
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| aerosol | particles of drug suspended in air
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| amphetamine | CNS stimulant
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| analgesic | drug that relieves pain
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| anaphylaxis | exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to previously encountered drug or antigen
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| androgen | male hormone
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| anesthesia | absence of nervous feeling/sensation
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| anesthetic | drug that reduces/eliminates nervous sensation
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| angiotensin II receptor antagonist | drug that lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
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| antacid | drug that works against acid in stomach
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| antagonistic action | combination of 2 drugs gives less than the sum of effects of each together
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| anti androgen | drug that slows uptake of androgens/interferes with their effect in tissues
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| antiarrhythmic | drug that treats abnormal heart rhythms
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| antibiotic | chemical substance that has ability to inhibit/destroy foreign organisms in body
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| anticoagulant | drug that prevents blood clotting
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| anticonvulsant | depress or prevent abnormal spontaneous brain activity withou affecting normal function
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| antidepressant | drug that relieves symptoms of depression
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| antidiabetic | drug given to prevent/treat diabetes mellitus
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| antidiarrheal | drug that prevents diarrhea
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| antidote | agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug
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| antiemetic | drug that prevents nausea & vomiting
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| antihistamine | drug that blocks action of histamine & helps prevent symptoms of allergy
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| antinauseant | drug that relieves nausea & vomiting; antiemetic
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| antiplatlet | drug that reduces tendanct of platlets to stick together & form a clot
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| antipruritic | drug that acts against pruritus
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| antupyretic | drug that lowers fever
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| antiulcer | drug that inhibits secretion of acid by cells lining stomach
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| antiviral | drug that acts against viruses such as herpes & HIV
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| aromatase inhibitor | drug that reduces estrogen (estradiol) in blood by blocking enzyme aromatase
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| bactericidal | pertaining to killing, rather than inhibiting, growth of bacteria, fungi, or parasites
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| becteriostatic | pertaining to inhibiting growth of bacteria, fungi, or parasites
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| beta-blocker | blocks action of epinephrine at receptor sites in the heart and blood vessels
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| bisphosphonate | drug that prevents bone loss in osteoporosis & osteopenia
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| brand name | commercial name for a drug; trade/trademark name
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| bronchodilator | agent that dilates blood vessels & relieves bronchospasm
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| caffeine | CNS stimulant
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| calcium channel blocker | drug that stops entrance of calcium into muscles of heart & blood vessels
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| lowers blood pressure & restore normal heart rhythm | calcium channel blocker
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| cardiovascular | pertaining to hear & blood vessels
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| cardiovascular drugs | act on the heart & blood vessels
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| cathartic | drug that relieves constipation
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| chemical name | chemical formula for a drug
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| chemotherapy | treatment with drugs
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| contraindication | factor in patient's condition that prevents use of particular drug/treatment
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| diuretic | drug that promotes/increases production of urine
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| emetic | drug that promotes vomiting
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| endocrine | pertaining to internal secretion
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| endocrine drugs | hormone or hormone-like drug acting on a part of endocrine system
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| erythromycin | antibiotic that is extracted from a red mold
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| estrogen | female hormone that promotes secondary sex characteristics & supports reproductive tissues
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| gastrointestinal | pertaining to stomach & intestines
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| generic name | legal, noncommercial name for a drug
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| glucocorticoid | hormone from adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar & reduces tissue inflammation
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| hypnotic | drug that promotes sleep or a trance-like state
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| hypodermic | pertaining to under the skin
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| iatrogenic | pertaining to condition that is produced by physician/treatment
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| idiosyncrasy | unexpected effect produced in particularly sensitive individual; not seen in most patients
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| inhalation | administration of drugs in gaseous/vapor form through nose/mouth
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| intrathecal | pertainin to within meninges/membranes surrounding spinal cord
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| laxative | weak cathartic; promotes movement of feces through colon
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| medical chemistry | study of new drug synthesis & relationship between chemical structure of drug & biological effects
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| molecular pharmacology | study of interaction of drugs & target molecules, enzymes, or cell surface receptors
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| narcotic | habit-forming drug that relieves pain by producing stupor & insensibility
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| orla administration | drugs that are given by mouth
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| parenteral administration | drugs/nourishment given intravenously & other than the intestinal tract
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| pharmacist | specialist in preparing & dispensing drugs
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| pharmacodynamics | study of effects & strengths of a drug within body
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| pharmacokinetics | calculation of drug concentration in tissues & body fluids over period of time
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| pharmacologist | specialist in stufy of properties, uses & actions of drugs
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| pharmacology | study of properties, uses & actions of drugs
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| pharmacy | location for/study of preparing & dispensing drugs
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| progestin | hormone that stimulates uterine lining during pregnancy & is used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding & HRT
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| purgative | drug that relieves constipation & is strong cathartic
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| receptor | target substance with which a drug interacts in the body
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| rectal administration | drugs inserted through anus into rectum
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| respiratory drug | treats asthma, emphysema & infections affecting breathing
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| sedative | mild sleep inducing agent that relaxes patient without necessaryily producing sleep
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| side effect | predictable toxic effects that are considered tolerable
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| stimulant | drug that excited & promotes activity
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| subcutaneous | pertaining to under skin
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| sublingual | pertaining to under tounge
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| synergism | drug action in which combination of two drugs causes effect greater than sum of individual effects of each drug
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| synergistic | pertaining to syngerism
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| syringe | instrument for introducing/withdrawing fluids from body
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| thryroid hormone | secretion from thyroid gland that stimulates cellular metabolism
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| tolerance | drug action which larger & larger doses must be given to achieve a desired effect
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| topical application | drugs applied locally on skin or on mucous membranes of body
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| toxicity | harmful effect of a drug
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| toxicology | branch of pharmacology that studies harmful chemicals & effects on body
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| tranquilizer | drug that controls anxiety & severe disturbances of behavior
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| transport | movement of drug across cell membrane into body cells
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| vasodilator | drug that widens blood vessels
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| vitamin | substance found in foods & essential in small quanities for growth & good health
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| drug | any chemical/biological substance used in disease prevention/treatment, or used to benefit a body process/function
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| sources of digitalis, penicillin, & streptomycin | are plants
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| animals provide | hormones
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| laboratory synthesis of chemicals to make drugs like | methotrexate & prednisone
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| Some of the most widely ingested drugs are | vitamins contained in foods
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| a broad medical specialty demanding study of medicinal chemistry, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, chemotherapy, & toxicology | pharmacology
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| either a medical physician, or PhD professional who specializes in pharmacology is | a pharmacist
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| marketed drugs are always assigned | at least two, and often three, names
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| official name given to a drug, for legal & scientific purposes | generic name
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| if a drug falls into competitive marketing each manufacturer will distribute/sell under their own | trade, or brand name
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| required name that reveals drug's basic elements & coumpounds, scientific make-up | chemical name
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| in Europe and many parts of Africa, a pharmacist is called | a chemist
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| in Europe & many parts of Africe a chemist | takes the role of a doctor for minor disorders
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| pharmacists are health care professionals must complete | 5yr BS or 6-7 yr PharmD course of study
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| pharmacists must also pass | a state licensing exam
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| United States Pharmacopeia (U.S.P.) | reviews drugs as clinically useful and pure; they are independent
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| legislative body legally responsible for passing rigorous drug standards regarding efficacy, purity, and extensive testing of a drug in the U.S. | Food & Drug Administration
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| Many drugs have more than one | dose form
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| more than one dose form allows drugs to be | delivered in ways that are amenable to more than one situation or type of patient
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| most convenient form of administration | oral
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| oral administration is slower than most other forms and also | requires that the drug be able to withstand the digestive system's challenges
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| route of absorption bypasses digestive route & is valuable when time is crucial | sublingual administration
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| helpful when a patient is experiencing nausea/vomiting & can't tolerate swallowing | rectal administration
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| transdermal patches | designed to control the release of drugs directly into the systemic circulation
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| pain-relieving drugs, birth control, & smoking cessation drugs are avilable as | transdermal patches
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| Injections | administration of a drug from a tube syringe through hollow needle placed under skin
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| there are six basic types of | parenteral injections
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| least invasive parenteral injection | subcutaneous
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| hypodermic needle inserted into subcutaneous tissue under the skin, usually in | the upper arm, thigh, or abdomen
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| intradermal injection | injection made into the upper layers of the skin
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| used in skin testing for allergies | intradermal injection
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| intramuscular (IM) injection | helps avoid skin irritation & is useful for large volumes of long-acting drugs
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| intravenous (IV) injection | given directly into the vein for an almost immediate effect
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| when administration into other tissues would not be safe | intravenous (IV) injection
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| intrathecal injection | drug delivered into underlying membranes or meninges surrounding spinal cord & brain
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| delivery of chemotherapy for the treatment of leukemia | intrathecal injection
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| intracavitary injection | injection made directly into a body cavity; such as peritoneal/pleural cavities
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| spray, ointment, cream, lotion, or transdermal patch; deliver drugs through skin | topical administration
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| inhaling vapor/gas through nose/mouth medication absorbed through thin walls of air sacs in lungs | inhalation administration
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| process of absorption | is the process of passing into the bloodstream
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| target cell receptor may be intracellular or | on the cell's surface
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| drug metabolism | changes the drug undergoes within the body
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| a drug's therapeutic effects take place | between absorption and excretion
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| Therapeutic effects can be additive or they can result in | synergism, or potentiation
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| potentiation | enhancement of one agent by another; combined effect greater than sum of effects of each one alone
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| tolerance can be a feature of, although not the same thing as | addiction
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| addiction | physical & psychological dependence that shows clear negative effects when withdrawn
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| idiosyncrasy can be | mild, or severe toxicity
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| a serious unwanted reaction to a drug may require | an antidote to be given
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| used to relieve only the most severe pain | narcotics/opioids
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| opioids | derived from opium, induce near unconsciousness inhibiting acitivity
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| reduce fever, pain, and inflammation without exposing the patient to steroid hormones | NSAIDS
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| NSAIDS inihibit | prostaglandins
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| prostaglandins | sensitize peripheral pain receptors
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| general anesthetic | depress activity of CNS & produce loss of consiousness
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| local anesthetics | inhibit nerve conduction in a single region
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| antibiotics can take the form of | bacteriostatic or bactericidal
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| pathogenic organisms we were targeting could become resistant to that agent | indiscriminate use of antibiotics
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| heparin or warfarin prevent clotting in conditions such as | thrombosis & embolism
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| tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) | dissolves clots in coronary arteries after myocardial infarction
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| improved the quality of life for patients with epilepsy and certain kinds of brain tumors | anticonvulsants
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| type 1 diabetes patients must receive daily injections | of human insulin
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| type 2 diabetes patients may receive | oral antidiabetic drugs
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| axample of an oral antidiabetic drug | sulfonylureas
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| sulfonylureas | lower glucose levels by stimulating insulin production
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| biguanides | increase body's sensitivity to insulin & reduce liver production of glucose
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| alpha-glucosidase inihibitors | temporarily block enzymes that digest sugars
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| thiazolidinediones | enhance glucose uptake
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| meglitinides | stimulate beta cells in pancreas to provide insulin
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| also used to prevent motion sickness | antihistamines
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| used in cases of ingested poison | emetics
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| antiosteoporosis drugs | help prevent abnormal loss of bone density & increase calium deposition in bone
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| bisphosphonates | prevent bone loss
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| SERMs | increase bone formation
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| antidepressants relieve depression in a variety of ways | elevating mood, increasing activity/alertness, & improving appetite/sleep patterns
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| tricyclic antidepressants & selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | block neurotransmitters by blocking their uptake from synapses between nerve cells
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| monoamine oxidase inhibitors | help neurotransmitters work longer by blocking natural inhibitor,
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| enzyme monoamine oxidase | natural neurotramsitter inhibitor
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| One of the first steps in preventing or controlling several cardiovascular disorders | administration of aspirin
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| administration of aspirin is used to | prevent blood vessel clots
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| sublingual nitroglycerin | dilate coronary blood vessels, slow heart rate & put more force into heart contractions
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| Digoxin can control arrhythmias by | slowing heart rate & used to treat congestive heart failure by helping heart to pump more forcefully
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| improve the heart's performance, reduces workload & keeps blood vessels dilated | ACE inhibitors
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| ACE inhibitors prevent | angiotensin I from converting to the powerful vasoconstrictor angiotensin II
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| angiotensin II receptor antagonists lower blood pressure by | preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels
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| useful in treating angina, hypertension, arrhythmia, & following heart attack | beta blockers
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| by blocking the action of epinephrine, beta blockers | reduce blood pressure & decrease muscle tone in blood vessels & increase output of heart
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| Calcium is necessary for | blood vessel contraction
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| useful in treating angina and arrhythmias | calcium channel blockers
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| slowing response of heart muscle to nervous stimulation or slowing rate at which nervous system impulses are carried through heart | antiarrhythmics
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| hypercholesterolemia is a contributor to | heart disease
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| cholestyramine | cholesterol lowering drug; promot cholesterols' excretion into feces
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| statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors | agents that reduce liver production of cholesterol
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| reduce blood volume by stimulating the kidney to remove water and salt through urine | diuretics
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| often administered either intranasally or by injection | bronchodialtors
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| Leukotriene modifiers prevent asthma attacks by | blocking bronchoconstrictor leukotriene from binding to respiratory tissue receptors
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| endogenous | naturally occuring
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| intended to mimic the actions of specific endogenous hormones | endocrine drugs
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| in women, they are helpful in treating endometriosis and breast cancer | androgens
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| androgens are | used for male hormone replacement therapy
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| used to ease symptoms of menopause & prevent osteoporosis associated with postmenopause | estrogens
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| flutamide | antiandrogen drug useful in treating prostate cancer
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| tamoxifen | antiestrogen used to prevent recurrence of breast cancer & treat metastatic breast cancer
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| bind to estrogen receptors in bones | SERMs
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| used in treatment of inflammation; arthritis; gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory, & blood disorders; & cancer | adrenal corticosteroids, or glucocorticoids
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| few are curative, most just relieve symptoms | gastrointestinal drugs
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| epigastric discomfort and the symptoms of peptic ulcer and esophagitis are usually treated with | antacids to neutralize stomach's hydrochloric acid
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| Cathartics can act by | increase intestinal salts, encouraging fluid to fill intestines/increase fecal bulk, prompting movement in intestinal wall
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| lubricate the intestinal tract and soften stools | cathartics
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| laxatives are | mild cathartics
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| purgatives are | strong cathartics
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| inner ear disturbances; vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, or labyrinthitis | antiemetics aid in treatment
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| peptic ulcer disease (PUD) | treatment with ulcer drug, like Prevacid
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| Prevacid, or other anti-ulcer drugs promote healing by | blocking secretion of histamine, which stimulates secretion of gastric acid from lining of stomach
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| insomnia and other sleep disorders are treated with | sedatives & hypnotics
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| mild tranquilizers, like the benzodiazepines | control minor anxiety symptoms
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| major tranquilizers, like the phenothiazines | control more severe behavior disturbances and disorders
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| used to prevent narcolepsy, suppress appetite, and also to calm hyperkinetic children | amphetamines
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| used to inhibit hyperactive behaviors, particularly in children | stimulants
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| stimulants can be used in emergency situations to | cases of shock/collapse, quick interventions in brain to speed up vital processes in heart & respiratory system & increase alertness as well
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| feel better when they use relaxation therapy on a regular basis | asthma patients, as well as cancer patients
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