PHS ES Mountain Building Chapter 11
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| deformation | general term for the process of folding, faulting, shearing, compression, or extension of rocks as the result of various natural forces.
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| stress | the force per unit area acting on a solid
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| strain | the change in shape or volume of a body of rock as a result of stress
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| isostasy | the concept that Earth's crust is floating in gravitational balance upon the material of the mantle.
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| isostatic adjustment | process of establishing a new level of gravitational equilibrium
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| anticline | a fold in sedimentray strata resembling an arch
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| syncline | a linear downfold in sedimentary strata; the opposite of anticline
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| monocline | a large steplike fold in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata
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| normal fault | a fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved down relative to the rock below. Hanging wall as moved down below the footwall due to tension.
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| strike-slip fault | a fault along which the movement is horizontal and parallel to the trend of the fault. Rock on both sides of the fault move past each other in opposite directions.
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| orogenesis | the collection of processes that result in the formation of mountains.
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| folded mountains | a mountain created primarily by compressional stress, which create folds in the rock layers
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| fault-block mountain | a mountain formed when large blocks or crust are tilted, uplifted, or dropped between large normal faults.
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| graben | a valley formed by the downward displacement of a fault-bounded block.
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| horst | an elongated, uplifted block of crust bounded by faults.
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| accretionary wedge | a large wedge-shaped mass of sediment that accumulates in subduction zones; here sediment is scraped from the subducting oceanic plate and accreted (attached) to the overriding crustal block.
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| accretion | process that occurs when crustal fragments collide with and stay connected to a continental plate.
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| terrane | a crustal block bounded by faults, whose geologic history is distinct from the histories of adjoining crustal blocks.
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| reverse fault | a fault in which the material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material below. Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall due to compression.
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