Terminology
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| testis, or testicle (pl. testes or testicles) | primary male sex organs, paired, oval-shaped, and enclosed in a sac called the scrotum. The testes produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.
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| sperm (spermatozoon, pl. spermatozoa) | the microscopic male germ cell, which, when united with the ovum, produces a zygote (fertilized egg) that with subsequent development becomes an embryo
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| testosterone | the principal male sex hormone. Its chief function is to stimulate the development of the male reproductive organs & secondary sex characteristics such as facial hair.
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| seminiferous tubules | approximately 900 coiled tubes within the testes in which spermatogenesis occurs
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| epididymis | coiled duct atop each of the testes that provides for storage, transit, & maturation of spermatozoa; continuous with the vas deferens
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| vas deferens, ductus deferens, or seminal duct | duct carries sperm from epididymis to urethra. The spermatic cord encloses each vas deferens w/nerves, lymphatics, arteries & veins. (Urethra also connects w/bladder & carries urine out. A circular muscle constricts during sex to prevent urination.)
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| seminal vesicles | two main glands located at the base of the bladder that open into the vas deferens. The glands secrete a thick fluid, which forms part of the semen.
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| prostate gland | encircles the upper end of the urethra. The prostate gland secretes a fluid that aids in the movement of the sperm & ejaculation.
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| scrotum | sac suspended on both sides of and just behind the penis. The testes are enclosed in the scrotum.
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| penis | male organ of urination & copulation
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| glans penis | enlarged tip on the end of the penis
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| prepuce | fold of skin covering the glans penis in uncircumcised males (foreskin of the penis)
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| semen | composed of sperm, seminal fluids, & other secretions
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| genitalia (genitals) | reproductive organs (male or female)
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| balan/o | glans penis
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| epididym/o | epididymis
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| orchid/o, orchi/o, orch/o, test/o | testis, testicle
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| prostat/o | prostate gland
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| vas/o | vessel, duct
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| vesicul/o | seminal vesicle
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| andr/o | male
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| sperm/o, spermat/o | spermatozoon (pl. spermatozoa), sperm
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| -ism | state of
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| anorchism | state of absence of testis (unilateral or bilateral)
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| balanitis | inflammation of the glans penis
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| balanorrhea | discharge from the glans penis
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| benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) | excessive development pertaining to the prostate gland (nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland
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| cryptorchidism | state of hidden testes. (During fetal development, testes are located in abdominal area near kidneys. Before birth they move down into the scrotal sac. Failure to descend into the scrotum before birth results in cryptorchidism/undescended testicles.)
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| epididymitis | inflammation of an epididymis
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| orchiepididymitis | inflammation of the testis & epididymis
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| orchitis, orchiditis, or testitis | inflammation of the testis or testicle
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| prostatitis | inflammation of the prostate gland
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| prostatocystitis | inflammation of the prostate gland & the bladder
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| prostatolith | stone in the prostate gland
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| prostatorrhea | discharge from the prostate gland
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| prostatovesiculitis | inflammation of the prostate gland & seminal vesicles
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| erectile dysfunction (ED) | the inability of the male to attain or maintain an erection sufficient to perform sexual intercourse (formerly called impotence)
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| hydrocele | scrotal swelling caused by a collection of fluid
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| phimosis | a tightness of the prepuce (foreskin of the penis) that prevents its retraction over the glans penis; it may be congenital or a result of balanitis. Circumcision is the usual treatment.
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| priapism | persistent abnormal erection of the penis accompanied by pain & tenderness
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| prostate cancer | cancer of the prostate gland
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| testicular carcinoma | cancer of the testicle
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| testicular torsion | twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis; occurs most often during puberty & often presents with a sudden onset of severe testicular or scrotal pain. It is often considered a surgical emergency.
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| varicocele | enlarged veins of the spermatic cord
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| balanoplasty | surgical repair of the glans penis
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| epididymectomy | excision of an epididymis
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| orchidectomy, orchiectomy | excision of the testes (bilateral orchidectomy also is called castration)
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| orchidopexy, orchiopexy | surgical fixation of a testicle (performed to bring undescended testicle[s] into the scrotum)
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| orchidotomy, orchiotomy | incision into a testis
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| orchioplasty | surgical repair of a testis
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| prostatectomy | excision of the prostate gland
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| prostatocystotomy | incision into the prostate gland & bladder
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| prostatolithotomy | incision into the prostate gland to remove a stone
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| prostatovesiculectomy | excision of the prostate gland & seminal vesicles
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| vasectomy | excision of a duct (partial excision of the vas deferens bilaterally, resulting in male sterilization)
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| vasovasostomy | creation of artificial openings between ducts (the severed ends of the vas deferens are reconnected in an attempt to restore fertility in men who have had a vasectomy
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| vesiculectomy | excision of the seminal vesicle
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| circumcision | surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin)
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| hydrocelectomy | surgical removal of a hydrocele
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| radical prostatectomy (RP) | excision of the prostate gland with its capsule, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, & sometimes pelvic lymph nodes; performed by a retropubic or perineal approach, or laparoscopically; used to treat prostate cancer
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| suprapubic prostatectomy | excision of the prostate gland through an abdominal incision made above the pubic bone & through an incision in the bladder; used to treat benign prostate hyperplasia & prostate cancer (also called suprapubic transvesical prostatectomy)
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| transurethral incision of the prostate gland (TUIP) | a surgical procedure that widens the urethra by making a few small incisions in the bladder neck & the prostate gland. No prostate tissue is removed. TUIP may be used instead of TURP when the prostate gland is less enlarged.
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| transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) | a treatment that eliminates excess tissue present in benign prostatic hyperplasia by using heat generated by microwave
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| transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP) | successive pieces of the prostate gland tissue are resected by using a resectoscope inserted through the urethra. The capsule is left intact; usually performed when the enlarged prostate gland interferes with urination.
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| TULIP | transurethral laser incision of the prostate gland
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| VLIP | Visual laser incision of the prostate gland
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| PVP | photoselective vaporization of the prostate gland
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| transrectal ultrasound | an ultrasound procedure used to diagnose prostate cancer. Sound waves are sent & received by a transducer in the form of a probe that is placed into the rectum. The sound waves are transformed into an image of the prostate gland.
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| prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | a blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood. Elevated test results may indicate the presence of prostate cancer or excess prostate tissue, as found in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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| digital rectal examination (DRE) | physical exam-the physician inserts a finger into the rectum & feels the size & shape of the prostate through the rectal wall. (To screen for BPH & cancer.) BPH usually presents as a uniform, nontender enlargement; cancer as a stony hard nodule.
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| andropathy | disease of the male (specific to the male, such as testitis)
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| aspermia | condition of without sperm (or semen or ejaculation)
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| oligospermia | condition of scanty sperm (in the semen; may contribute to infertility)
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| spermatolysis | dissolution (destruction) of sperm
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| azoospermia | refers to the lack of live sperm in the semen, whereas aspermia generally means no semen or ejaculation & therefore no sperm. Azoospermia & oligospermia are terms frequently used in relation to male infertility.
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| acquired immmunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | a disease that affects the body's immune system, transmitted by exchange of body fluid during the sexual act, reuse of contaminated needles, or receiving contaminated blood transfusions (also called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
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| artificial insemination | introduction of semen into the vagina by artificial means
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| chlamydia | sexually transmitted disease, also called a Silent STD because many people aren't aware they have it. Symptoms when it is serious are painful urination & discharge from the penis, & genital itching, vaginal discharge, & bleeding between periods in women.
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| coitus | sexual intercourse between male & female (also called copulation)
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| condom | cover for the penis worn during coitus to prevent conception & the spread of sexually transmitted disease
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| ejaculation | ejection of semen from the male urethra
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| genital herpes | sexually transmitted disease caused by Herpesvirus hominis type 2 (also called Herpes Simplex Virus)
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| gonads | male & female sex glands
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| gonorrhea | contagious, inflammatory sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial organism that affects the mucous membranes of the genitourinary system
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| heterosexual | person who is attracted to a member of the opposite sex
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| homosexual | person who is attracted to a member of the same sex
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| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | a type of retrovirus that causes AIDS. HIV infects T-helper cells of the immune system, allowing for opportunistic infections such as candidiasis, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, tuberculosis, & Kaposi sarcoma
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| human papillomavirus (HPV) | a prevalent sexually transmitted disease causing benign or cancerous growths in male & female genitals (also called Veneral Warts)
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| orgasm | climax of sexual stimulation
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| prosthesis | an artificial replacement of an absent body part (a penile prosthesis may be implanted to treat erectile dysfunction if first-line therapies are not effective)
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| puberty | period when secondary sex characteristics develop & the ability to reproduce sexually begins
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| sexually transmitted disease (STD) | diseases, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, & genital herpes, transmitted during sexual contact (also called venereal disease & sexually transmitted infection [STI])
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| sterilization | process that renders an individual unable to produce offspring
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| syphilis | chronic infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, usually transmitted by sex, may be acquired in utero, or through direct contact w/tissue. If untreated, it progresses through 3 clinical states. The initial infection quickly becomes systemic.
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| trichomoniasis | sexually transmitted disease caused by Trichomonas. It infects the genitourinary tract. Men may be asymptomatic or may develp urethritis, an enlarged prostate gland, or epididymitis. Women have vaginal itching, dysuria, & vaginal or urethral discharge.
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